N8n Expression Syntax

# n8n Expression Syntax

Expert guide for writing correct n8n expressions in workflows.

---

## Expression Format

All dynamic content in n8n uses **double curly braces**:

```
{{expression}}
```

**Examples**:
```
✅ {{$json.email}}
✅ {{$json.body.name}}
✅ {{$node["HTTP Request"].json.data}}
❌ $json.email  (no braces - treated as literal text)
❌ {$json.email}  (single braces - invalid)
```

---

## Core Variables

### $json - Current Node Output

Access data from the current node:

```javascript
{{$json.fieldName}}
{{$json['field with spaces']}}
{{$json.nested.property}}
{{$json.items[0].name}}
```

### $node - Reference Other Nodes

Access data from any previous node:

```javascript
{{$node["Node Name"].json.fieldName}}
{{$node["HTTP Request"].json.data}}
{{$node["Webhook"].json.body.email}}
```

**Important**:
- Node names **must** be in quotes
- Node names are **case-sensitive**
- Must match exact node name from workflow

### $now - Current Timestamp

Access current date/time:

```javascript
{{$now}}
{{$now.toFormat('yyyy-MM-dd')}}
{{$now.toFormat('HH:mm:ss')}}
{{$now.plus({days: 7})}}
```

### $env - Environment Variables

Access environment variables:

```javascript
{{$env.API_KEY}}
{{$env.DATABASE_URL}}
```

**Warning**: Some n8n instances have `N8N_BLOCK_ENV_ACCESS_IN_NODE` enabled, which blocks `$env` access entirely. If `$env` returns errors, use alternative approaches:
- Store values in credentials instead
- Use a Set node with manually entered values
- Pass values through webhook query parameters

---

## 🚨 CRITICAL: Webhook Data Structure

**Most Common Mistake**: Webhook data is **NOT** at the root!

### Webhook Node Output Structure

```javascript
{
  "headers": {...},
  "params": {...},
  "query": {...},
  "body": {           // ⚠️ USER DATA IS HERE!
    "name": "John",
    "email": "john@example.com",
    "message": "Hello"
  }
}
```

### Correct Webhook Data Access

```javascript
❌ WRONG: {{$json.name}}
❌ WRONG: {{$json.email}}

✅ CORRECT: {{$json.body.name}}
✅ CORRECT: {{$json.body.email}}
✅ CORRECT: {{$json.body.message}}
```

**Why**: Webhook node wraps incoming data under `.body` property to preserve headers, params, and query parameters.

---

## Common Patterns

### Access Nested Fields

```javascript
// Simple nesting
{{$json.user.email}}

// Array access
{{$json.data[0].name}}
{{$json.items[0].id}}

// Bracket notation for spaces
{{$json['field name']}}
{{$json['user data']['first name']}}
```

### Reference Other Nodes

```javascript
// Node without spaces
{{$node["Set"].json.value}}

// Node with spaces (common!)
{{$node["HTTP Request"].json.data}}
{{$node["Respond to Webhook"].json.message}}

// Webhook node
{{$node["Webhook"].json.body.email}}
```

### Combine Variables

```javascript
// Concatenation (automatic)
Hello {{$json.body.name}}!

// In URLs
https://api.example.com/users/{{$json.body.user_id}}

// In object properties
{
  "name": "={{$json.body.name}}",
  "email": "={{$json.body.email}}"
}
```

---

## When NOT to Use Expressions

### ❌ Code Nodes

Code nodes use **direct JavaScript access**, NOT expressions!

```javascript
// ❌ WRONG in Code node
const email = '={{$json.email}}';
const name = '{{$json.body.name}}';

// ✅ CORRECT in Code node
const email = $json.email;
const name = $json.body.name;

// Or using Code node API
const email = $input.item.json.email;
const allItems = $input.all();
```

### ❌ Webhook Paths

```javascript
// ❌ WRONG
path: "{{$json.user_id}}/webhook"

// ✅ COR