Bubbletea Testing

Bubble Tea Testing

Write robust, CI-friendly tests for Bubble Tea TUI applications using a three-layer strategy: direct model unit tests, golden file view snapshots, and full-program integration tests via teatest.

Architecture overview

Bubble Tea's Elm Architecture (Init, Update, View) makes TUI apps inherently testable. Update(msg) -> (model, cmd) is a pure function of state and message — no terminal, program, or event loop needed for most tests.

Three-layer strategy:

Target ratio: 80% Layer 1 / 15% Layer 2 / 5% Layer 3.

---

Layer 1: Direct model unit tests

Constructing test messages

Build tea.Msg values directly — they are plain Go structs:

// v1
qKey   := tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")}
enter  := tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyEnter}
ctrlC  := tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyCtrlC}
down   := tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyDown}
resize := tea.WindowSizeMsg{Width: 80, Height: 24}

// v2 renames
qKey   := tea.KeyPressMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")}
click  := tea.MouseClickMsg{X: 10, Y: 5, Button: tea.MouseButtonLeft}

Table-driven Update tests

The standard pattern — each case specifies initial state, message, and expected outcome:

func TestUpdate(t *testing.T) {
    tests := []struct {
        name       string
        initial    model
        msg        tea.Msg
        wantCursor int
        wantQuit   bool
    }{
        {
            name:       "down moves cursor",
            initial:    model{cursor: 0, choices: []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
            msg:        tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyDown},
            wantCursor: 1,
        },
        {
            name:       "cursor stops at bottom",
            initial:    model{cursor: 2, choices: []string{"a", "b", "c"}},
            msg:        tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyDown},
            wantCursor: 2,
        },
        {
            name:       "q triggers quit",
            initial:    model{},
            msg:        tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")},
            wantQuit:   true,
        },
    }

    for _, tt := range tests {
        t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
            updated, cmd := tt.initial.Update(tt.msg)
            m := updated.(model)

            if m.cursor != tt.wantCursor {
                t.Errorf("cursor = %d, want %d", m.cursor, tt.wantCursor)
            }
            if tt.wantQuit {
                if cmd == nil {
                    t.Fatal("expected quit command")
                }
                if _, ok := cmd().(tea.QuitMsg); !ok {
                    t.Error("quit command did not return QuitMsg")
                }
            }
        })
    }
}

Testing commands synchronously

tea.Cmd is func() tea.Msg. Execute it directly and inspect the result:

func TestQuitCommand(t *testing.T) {
    m := model{}
    _, cmd := m.Update(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")})

    if cmd == nil {
        t.Fatal("expected quit command")
    }
    msg := cmd() // execute synchronously
    if _, ok := msg.(tea.QuitMsg); !ok {
        t.Errorf("expected QuitMsg, got %T", msg)
    }
}

Mocking I/O dependencies

Use interfaces for anything that does real I/O, inject mocks in tests:

type DataFetcher interface {
    FetchItems() ([]Item, error)
}

type model struct {
    fetcher DataFetcher
    items   []Item
}

// Test mock
type mockFetcher struct {
    items []Item
    err   error
}
func (f mockFetcher) FetchItems() ([]Item, error) { return f.items, f.err }

func TestFetchSuccess(t *testing.T) {
    m := model{fetcher: mockFetcher{items: []Item{{Name: "test"}}}}
    cmd := m.fetchCmd()
    msg := cmd()
    result, ok := msg.(itemsMsg)
    if !ok {
        t.Fatalf("expected itemsMsg, got %T", msg)
    }
    if len(result.items) != 1 {
        t.Errorf("expected 1 item, got %d", len(result.items))
    }
}

Chaining update–command–message cycles

Simulate multi-step flows without a running program:

func TestMultiStepFlow(t *testing.T) {
    m := tea.Model(initialModel())
    var cmd tea.Cmd

    // Step 1: user presses enter
    m, cmd = m.Update(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyEnter})

    // Step 2: execute the resulting command, feed msg back
    if cmd != nil {
        m, cmd = m.Update(cmd())
    }

    // Assert final state
    final := m.(myModel)
    if final.state != resultView {
        t.Errorf("expected resultView, got %v", final.state)
    }
}

Testing View output with substring assertions

Prefer substring checks over exact matches — more resilient to styling changes:

func TestViewShowsSelection(t *testing.T) {
    m := model{
        cursor:   1,
        choices:  []string{"carrots", "celery", "kohlrabi"},
        selected: map[int]struct{}{1: {}},
    }
    view := m.View()

    if !strings.Contains(view, "[x] celery") {
        t.Errorf("expected selected celery in view:\n%s", view)
    }
    if !strings.Contains(view, "[ ] carrots") {
        t.Errorf("expected unselected carrots in view:\n%s", view)
    }
}

Principle: Assert on intent (flags, indices, content), not styling.

Testing nested/composed models

Test parent routing and child transitions independently:

func TestParentRoutesToActiveChild(t *testing.T) {
    parent := newParentModel()
    updated, _ := parent.Update(tea.WindowSizeMsg{Width: 80, Height: 24})
    p := updated.(parentModel)

    child := p.list.(listModel)
    if child.width != 80 {
        t.Errorf("child width = %d, want 80", child.width)
    }
}

---

Layer 2: Golden file testing

Packages

Component snapshot with golden.RequireEqual

import "github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/golden"

func TestTableRendering(t *testing.T) {
    tbl := table.New(
        table.WithColumns(columns),
        table.WithRows(rows),
    )
    // Compares against testdata/TestTableRendering.golden
    golden.RequireEqual(t, tbl.View())
}

golden.RequireEqual auto-escapes ANSI codes and uses go-udiff for portable diffs.

Full-program snapshot with teatest.RequireEqualOutput

func TestFullOutput(t *testing.T) {
    tm := teatest.NewTestModel(t, initialModel(),
        teatest.WithInitialTermSize(80, 24),
    )
    tm.Send(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")})

    out, _ := io.ReadAll(tm.FinalOutput(t, teatest.WithFinalTimeout(3*time.Second)))
    // Compares against testdata/TestFullOutput.golden
    teatest.RequireEqualOutput(t, out)
}

Golden file workflow

# 1. Generate initial golden files
go test ./... -update

# 2. Commit them
git add testdata/*.golden

# 3. Normal test runs — fails if output differs
go test ./...

# 4. After intentional UI changes — regenerate and review diff
go test ./... -update
git diff testdata/

---

Layer 3: Full integration with teatest

Core API

import (
    "bytes"
    "io"
    "testing"
    "time"

    tea "github.com/charmbracelet/bubbletea"
    "github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/teatest"
)

func TestIntegration(t *testing.T) {
    tm := teatest.NewTestModel(t, initialModel(),
        teatest.WithInitialTermSize(80, 24),
    )

    // Interact
    tm.Send(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyDown})
    tm.Send(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyEnter})
    tm.Type("hello")

    // Assert intermediate output (polls reader)
    teatest.WaitFor(t, tm.Output(), func(bts []byte) bool {
        return bytes.Contains(bts, []byte("hello"))
    }, teatest.WithDuration(2*time.Second),
       teatest.WithCheckInterval(100*time.Millisecond))

    // Quit and assert final state
    tm.Send(tea.KeyMsg{Type: tea.KeyRunes, Runes: []rune("q")})
    fm := tm.FinalModel(t, teatest.WithFinalTimeout(3*time.Second))
    m := fm.(myModel)
    if !m.submitted {
        t.Error("expected submitted")
    }
}

teatest API reference

Always set timeouts via WithFinalTimeout to prevent hanging tests.

---

CI determinism — the three critical fixes

1. Force a fixed color profile

Without this, golden files from a TrueColor dev terminal will mismatch in CI (no TTY).

// v1 — in test init or TestMain
import (
    "github.com/charmbracelet/lipgloss"
    "github.com/muesli/termenv"
)
func init() {
    lipgloss.SetColorProfile(termenv.Ascii)
}

// v2 — per-program
import "github.com/charmbracelet/colorprofile"
prog := tea.NewProgram(model, tea.WithColorProfile(colorprofile.Ascii))

Use termenv.Ascii for simplest golden files. Use termenv.TrueColor if testing color output.

2. Lock terminal dimensions

// teatest
teatest.WithInitialTermSize(80, 24)

// Direct model tests — send resize before View()
m, _ := m.Update(tea.WindowSizeMsg{Width: 80, Height: 24})
output := m.(myModel).View()

// v2
tea.WithWindowSize(80, 24)

3. Prevent git from corrupting golden files

Add to .gitattributes:

*.golden -text
testdata/** -diff linguist-generated=true

Prevents CRLF normalization and suppresses golden files from GitHub PR diffs.

Handle non-deterministic elements

Spinners, timestamps, cursor blink, and animations produce varying output. Strategies:

• Freeze spinner frame index to 0 in test setup
• Inject a clock interface for timestamps, use fixed time.Time in tests
• Disable cursor blink before capture
• Seed RNGs with constant values
• For animations, test the final state rather than intermediate frames

---

Bubble Tea v2 testing options

v2 (charm.land/bubbletea/v2) adds first-class ProgramOption values for testing:

prog := tea.NewProgram(model,
    tea.WithWindowSize(80, 24),           // Fixed dimensions
    tea.WithInput(nil),                   // Disable input
    tea.WithOutput(&buf),                 // Redirect to buffer
    tea.WithoutRenderer(),                // Headless, no rendering
    tea.WithoutSignals(),                 // Ignore OS signals
    tea.WithColorProfile(colorprofile.Ascii), // Fixed colors
)

These replace global init() hacks with explicit per-program config.

The v2 teatest package is at github.com/charmbracelet/x/exp/teatest/v2.

---

Community tools

knz/catwalk — data-driven text-file tests

Test cases as plain text files with input directives:

run
type hello
key enter
----
-- view:
You typed: hello

Run with -rewrite to regenerate expected output. Good for testing individual Bubbles components.

Repo: github.com/knz/catwalk

Custom direct-model harness (Noteleaf pattern)

Drive tea.Model directly without tea.NewProgram for single-threaded, faster tests:

type TestHarness struct {
    model tea.Model
}

func (h *TestHarness) SendKey(key tea.KeyType) {
    var cmd tea.Cmd
    h.model, cmd = h.model.Update(tea.KeyMsg{Type: key})
    // Optionally execute cmd and feed back
}

func (h *TestHarness) WaitForView(contains string, timeout time.Duration) error {
    deadline := time.Now().Add(timeout)
    for time.Now().Before(deadline) {
        if strings.Contains(h.model.View(), contains) {
            return nil
        }
        time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
    }
    return fmt.Errorf("timed out waiting for %q", contains)
}

Lighter than teatest, but doesn't test the terminal rendering pipeline.

---

Checklist for adding tests to a Bubble Tea app

1. Set up test infrastructure:

• Create testdata/ directory for golden files
• Add .gitattributes entry: *.golden -text
• Add init() or TestMain that sets lipgloss.SetColorProfile(termenv.Ascii)

2. Layer 1 — Write table-driven Update tests for:

• Every key binding and its effect on model state
• State machine transitions (view switches, mode changes)
• Edge cases (empty lists, max cursor, error states)
• Commands returned by Update (execute synchronously, assert on msg type)
• Custom message handlers (API responses, timer ticks)

3. Layer 2 — Add golden file tests for key UI states:

• Initial/welcome screen
• Loading/spinner state
• Error display
• Main content with data populated
• Empty state

4. Layer 3 — Write integration tests for critical flows:

• Startup → input → result → quit
• Error recovery paths
• Multi-step wizards or workflows

5. CI pipeline:

• Ensure go test ./... passes without -update
• Add -update as a manual/explicit step only
• Consider a CI step that fails if golden files are uncommitted