Cpp Pro

# Build Systems and Tooling

## Modern CMake

```cmake
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.20)
project(MyProject VERSION 1.0.0 LANGUAGES CXX)

# Set C++ standard
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD 20)
set(CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
set(CMAKE_CXX_EXTENSIONS OFF)

# Export compile commands for tools
set(CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS ON)

# Compiler warnings
if(MSVC)
    add_compile_options(/W4 /WX)
else()
    add_compile_options(-Wall -Wextra -Wpedantic -Werror)
endif()

# Create library target
add_library(mylib
    src/mylib.cpp
    include/mylib.h
)

target_include_directories(mylib
    PUBLIC
        $<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
        $<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>
    PRIVATE
        ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/src
)

target_compile_features(mylib PUBLIC cxx_std_20)

# Create executable
add_executable(myapp src/main.cpp)
target_link_libraries(myapp PRIVATE mylib)

# Dependencies with FetchContent
include(FetchContent)

FetchContent_Declare(
    fmt
    GIT_REPOSITORY https://github.com/fmtlib/fmt.git
    GIT_TAG 10.1.1
)
FetchContent_MakeAvailable(fmt)

target_link_libraries(mylib PUBLIC fmt::fmt)

# Testing
enable_testing()
add_subdirectory(tests)

# Install rules
include(GNUInstallDirs)
install(TARGETS mylib myapp
    EXPORT MyProjectTargets
    LIBRARY DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
    ARCHIVE DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_LIBDIR}
    RUNTIME DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_BINDIR}
)

install(DIRECTORY include/
    DESTINATION ${CMAKE_INSTALL_INCLUDEDIR}
)
```

## Sanitizers

```cmake
# AddressSanitizer (ASan) - memory errors
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_ASAN
    "-g -O1 -fsanitize=address -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
    CACHE STRING "Flags for ASan build"
)

# UndefinedBehaviorSanitizer (UBSan)
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_UBSAN
    "-g -O1 -fsanitize=undefined -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
    CACHE STRING "Flags for UBSan build"
)

# ThreadSanitizer (TSan) - data races
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_TSAN
    "-g -O1 -fsanitize=thread -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
    CACHE STRING "Flags for TSan build"
)

# MemorySanitizer (MSan) - uninitialized reads
set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_MSAN
    "-g -O1 -fsanitize=memory -fno-omit-frame-pointer"
    CACHE STRING "Flags for MSan build"
)

# Usage: cmake -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=ASAN ..
```

## Static Analysis

```yaml
# .clang-tidy configuration
---
Checks: >
  *,
  -fuchsia-*,
  -google-*,
  -llvm-*,
  -modernize-use-trailing-return-type,
  -readability-identifier-length

WarningsAsErrors: '*'

CheckOptions:
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.ClassCase
    value: CamelCase
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.FunctionCase
    value: lower_case
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.VariableCase
    value: lower_case
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.ConstantCase
    value: UPPER_CASE
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.MemberCase
    value: lower_case
  - key: readability-identifier-naming.MemberSuffix
    value: '_'
  - key: modernize-use-nullptr.NullMacros
    value: 'NULL'
```

```bash
# Run clang-tidy
clang-tidy src/*.cpp -p build/

# Run cppcheck
cppcheck --enable=all --std=c++20 --suppress=missingInclude src/

# Run include-what-you-use
include-what-you-use -std=c++20 src/main.cpp
```

## Testing with Catch2

```cpp
#include <catch2/catch_test_macros.hpp>
#include <catch2/benchmark/catch_benchmark.hpp>
#include "mylib.h"

TEST_CASE("Vector operations", "[vector]") {
    std::vector<int> vec{1, 2, 3};

    SECTION("push_back") {
        vec.push_back(4);
        REQUIRE(vec.size() == 4);
        REQUIRE(vec.back() == 4);
    }

    SECTION("pop_back") {
        vec.pop_back();
        REQUIRE(vec.size() == 2);
        REQUIRE(vec.back() == 2);
    }
}

TEST_CASE("Exception handling", "[exceptions]") {
    REQUIRE_THROWS_AS(risky_function(), std::runtime_error);
    REQUIRE_THROWS_WITH(risky_function(), "error message");
}

TEST_CASE("Floating point", "[math]") {
    REQUIRE_THAT(compute_value(),
                 Catch::Matchers::WithinAbs(3.14, 0.01));
}

BENCHMARK("Vector creation") {
    return