Ue Gameplay Framework

UE Gameplay Framework

You are an expert in Unreal Engine's gameplay framework architecture.

Context Check

Read .agents/ue-project-context.md before proceeding. The game type (single player, co-op, competitive multiplayer, dedicated vs listen server) determines which classes to subclass and which replication patterns apply. Resolve: single-player or multiplayer? Dedicated or listen server? What are you implementing?

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Class Responsibility Map

Each class exists on specific machines for specific reasons. Getting this wrong is the primary source of multiplayer bugs.

AGameModeBase / AGameMode — Server Only

Exists on: Server and standalone only. Never instantiated on clients.

Why server-only: GameMode is the authoritative referee. It decides who joins, when the match starts, where players spawn, and what the win conditions are. Client execution would allow cheating via local state manipulation.

AGameMode adds the full match-state machine (EnteringMap → WaitingToStart → InProgress → WaitingPostMatch → LeavingMap; Aborted on failure) with ReadyToStartMatch and ReadyToEndMatch hooks. Use AGameModeBase for lobby/simple games, AGameMode for match flow.

Key API from source (GameModeBase.h):

// Class assignments — set in constructor
TSubclassOf<APawn>             DefaultPawnClass;
TSubclassOf<AGameStateBase>    GameStateClass;
TSubclassOf<APlayerController> PlayerControllerClass;
TSubclassOf<APlayerState>      PlayerStateClass;
TSubclassOf<AHUD>              HUDClass;
uint32                         bUseSeamlessTravel : 1;

// Server startup and player join lifecycle (server only)
virtual void InitGame(const FString& MapName, const FString& Options, FString& ErrorMessage);
virtual void PreLogin(const FString& Options, const FString& Address,
    const FUniqueNetIdRepl& UniqueId, FString& ErrorMessage);
virtual APlayerController* Login(UPlayer* NewPlayer, ENetRole InRemoteRole,
    const FString& Portal, const FString& Options,
    const FUniqueNetIdRepl& UniqueId, FString& ErrorMessage);
virtual void PostLogin(APlayerController* NewPlayer);   // first safe point for RPCs (DispatchPostLogin deprecated 5.6 — override PostLogin directly)
virtual void Logout(AController* Exiting);
virtual void HandleStartingNewPlayer(APlayerController* NewPlayer);

// Spawn pipeline
virtual AActor* FindPlayerStart(AController* Player, const FString& IncomingName = TEXT(""));
virtual void    RestartPlayer(AController* NewPlayer);
virtual APawn*  SpawnDefaultPawnFor(AController* NewPlayer, AActor* StartSpot);

// Travel
virtual void ProcessServerTravel(const FString& URL, bool bAbsolute = false);
virtual void GetSeamlessTravelActorList(bool bToTransition, TArray<AActor*>& ActorList);

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AGameStateBase / AGameState — Server + All Clients

Exists on: Everywhere. Fully replicated.

Why everywhere: Clients cannot read GameMode (it does not exist on them). Any global data clients need — scores, match timer, phase — belongs in GameState. PlayerArray exposes all connected APlayerState instances to every machine.

Key API from source (GameStateBase.h):

// All PlayerStates, always replicated
UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly)
TArray<TObjectPtr<APlayerState>> PlayerArray;

// The GameMode class (not instance) replicated to clients
UPROPERTY(Transient, BlueprintReadOnly, ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_GameModeClass)
TSubclassOf<AGameModeBase> GameModeClass;

// Server-authoritative clock, automatically synced
virtual double GetServerWorldTimeSeconds() const;
virtual bool   HasBegunPlay() const;
virtual bool   HasMatchStarted() const;
virtual bool   HasMatchEnded() const;

Custom replicated match data:

UCLASS()
class AMyGameState : public AGameStateBase
{
    GENERATED_BODY()
public:
    UPROPERTY(Replicated, BlueprintReadOnly) int32 TeamAScore;
    UPROPERTY(Replicated, BlueprintReadOnly) int32 TeamBScore;
    UPROPERTY(ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_MatchTimer) float MatchTimeRemaining;

    virtual void GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(TArray<FLifetimeProperty>& OutLifetimeProps) const override;
};

void AMyGameState::GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(TArray<FLifetimeProperty>& OutLifetimeProps) const
{
    Super::GetLifetimeReplicatedProps(OutLifetimeProps);
    DOREPLIFETIME(AMyGameState, TeamAScore);
    DOREPLIFETIME(AMyGameState, TeamBScore);
    DOREPLIFETIME(AMyGameState, MatchTimeRemaining);
}

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APlayerController — Server (all) + Owning Client (own only)

Exists on: Server holds one per connected player. Each client holds only its own. Remote clients do not see other players' PlayerControllers.

Why this split: The PlayerController bridges one human to the server. Both ends run it for client-side prediction and server validation. A client has no reason to know another player's input state.

Key API from source (PlayerController.h):

TObjectPtr<APlayerCameraManager> PlayerCameraManager;  // camera, local only
TObjectPtr<APawn>                AcknowledgedPawn;      // server-confirmed possession
TObjectPtr<AHUD>                 MyHUD;                 // local only

uint32 bShowMouseCursor : 1;
uint32 bEnableStreamingSource : 1;  // drives World Partition loading for this viewport

void SetInputMode(const FInputModeDataBase& InData); // FInputModeGameOnly, UIOnly, GameAndUI
virtual void PlayerTick(float DeltaTime);            // only ticked locally
virtual void SetupInputComponent() override;

`SetupInputComponent` on PlayerController is for non-pawn input: spectator actions, UI shortcuts, or global keybinds that persist across possession changes. For pawn-specific input, override APawn::SetupPlayerInputComponent() instead — see ue-input-system.

Enhanced Input setup:

void AMyPlayerController::BeginPlay()
{
    Super::BeginPlay();
    if (IsLocalController())
    {
        if (auto* Sub = ULocalPlayer::GetSubsystem<UEnhancedInputLocalPlayerSubsystem>(GetLocalPlayer()))
            Sub->AddMappingContext(DefaultMappingContext, 0);
        SetInputMode(FInputModeGameOnly());
    }
}

RPC patterns:

UFUNCTION(Server, Reliable, WithValidation) void ServerRequestRespawn();   // client → server
UFUNCTION(Client, Reliable)                void ClientNotifyMatchStart();  // server → client

Possess/UnPossess (server-authority required):

// Take control of a new pawn — must run on server
PlayerController->Possess(NewPawn);
// Release the currently possessed pawn
PlayerController->UnPossess();

Listen-server dual-role: On a listen server, the host's PlayerController is both ROLE_Authority and locally controlled. Guard dual-role logic with IsLocalController() checks. This is a common source of bugs where code assumes authority implies non-local (i.e., code written for dedicated servers runs incorrectly on a listen server host).

ClientTravel — connect this client to a different server:

PlayerController->ClientTravel(TEXT("127.0.0.1:7777"), TRAVEL_Absolute);

ServerTravel — move all players to a new map (called from GameMode, server only):

GetWorld()->ServerTravel(TEXT("/Game/Maps/NewMap?listen"));

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AController — Shared Base

AController is the base class for both APlayerController and AAIController. It owns the pawn possession interface (Possess, UnPossess, GetPawn) and the rotation used to drive pawn orientation (ControlRotation). Subclass APlayerController for human players and AAIController for AI.

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APlayerState — Server + All Clients (Always Relevant)

Exists on: Server and all clients. Marked always-relevant so it replicates to everyone regardless of distance.

Why always relevant: Scoreboards, team displays, and player lists need to show data for every player, not just nearby ones. PlayerState survives pawn death — when a pawn is destroyed and respawned, the PlayerController keeps its PlayerState, preserving accumulated stats.

UCLASS()
class AMyPlayerState : public APlayerState
{
    GENERATED_BODY()
public:
    UPROPERTY(Replicated, BlueprintReadOnly) int32 Kills;
    UPROPERTY(Replicated, BlueprintReadOnly) int32 Deaths;
    UPROPERTY(ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_Team)   uint8 TeamIndex;
};

// Access patterns
APlayerState* PS = MyPawn->GetPlayerState();
APlayerState* PS = MyPC->PlayerState;
for (APlayerState* PS : GetGameState<AGameStateBase>()->PlayerArray) { /* all players */ }

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APawn — Server + All Clients (Replicated)

Exists on: Server (authority) and all clients (simulated or autonomous proxy). Minimal base — no mesh, no collision component, no movement component.

Use APawn when: entity is not a humanoid (vehicle, turret, drone), you need a completely custom movement component, or you need zero-overhead baseline.

// Minimal subclass pattern
virtual void SetupPlayerInputComponent(UInputComponent* PlayerInputComponent) override;
virtual void PossessedBy(AController* NewController) override;
virtual void UnPossessed() override;

ADefaultPawn is the engine's built-in pawn with floating movement (no gravity) and a sphere collision root. It is used as the DefaultPawnClass placeholder when no custom pawn is assigned.

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ACharacter — Server + All Clients (Replicated with Prediction)

Exists on: Server (authority) and all clients. The locally controlled instance runs client-side prediction; simulated proxies interpolate from server updates.

Why ACharacter: Walking humanoids need capsule collision, gravity, jump, crouch, and movement prediction. ACharacter bundles all of this with built-in networked prediction via UCharacterMovementComponent.

Component layout from source (Character.h):

// Private, access via getters
TObjectPtr<UCapsuleComponent>          CapsuleComponent;    // GetCapsuleComponent() — root
TObjectPtr<USkeletalMeshComponent>     Mesh;                // GetMesh()
TObjectPtr<UCharacterMovementComponent> CharacterMovement;  // GetCharacterMovement()
TObjectPtr<UArrowComponent>            ArrowComponent;      // GetArrowComponent() — editor-only direction indicator

Constructor configuration:

AMyCharacter::AMyCharacter()
{
    GetCapsuleComponent()->SetCapsuleHalfHeight(96.f);
    GetCapsuleComponent()->SetCapsuleRadius(42.f);
    GetMesh()->SetRelativeLocation(FVector(0.f, 0.f, -97.f));
    GetMesh()->SetRelativeRotation(FRotator(0.f, -90.f, 0.f));

    GetCharacterMovement()->MaxWalkSpeed = 600.f;
    GetCharacterMovement()->JumpZVelocity = 700.f;
    GetCharacterMovement()->GravityScale = 1.75f;
    GetCharacterMovement()->AirControl = 0.35f;
    GetCharacterMovement()->NavAgentProps.bCanCrouch = true;
}

Key ACharacter API from source:

// Jump — from Character.h
virtual void Jump();          // set bPressedJump, triggers on next tick
virtual void StopJumping();   // clear bPressedJump
bool CanJump() const;

UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Replicated) float JumpMaxHoldTime; // variable height
UPROPERTY(EditAnywhere, BlueprintReadWrite, Replicated) int32 JumpMaxCount;    // double jump

virtual void LaunchCharacter(FVector LaunchVelocity, bool bXYOverride, bool bZOverride);

// Crouch
void Crouch(bool bClientSimulation = false);   // requests crouch via CharacterMovementComponent
void UnCrouch(bool bClientSimulation = false);
UPROPERTY(BlueprintReadOnly, ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_IsCrouched) uint8 bIsCrouched : 1;

// Movement mode
// MOVE_Walking, MOVE_Falling, MOVE_Swimming, MOVE_Flying, MOVE_Custom
GetCharacterMovement()->SetMovementMode(MOVE_Flying);

Custom movement modes: Set MOVE_Custom then override PhysCustom(float deltaTime, int32 Iterations) in your UCharacterMovementComponent subclass. The CustomMovementMode byte lets you distinguish multiple custom modes within the same PhysCustom dispatch.

// Custom movement mode: override in CMC subclass
void UMyCharacterMovement::PhysCustom(float DeltaTime, int32 Iterations)
{
    if (CustomMovementMode == (uint8)ECustomMovement::Flying)
    {
        // Custom flying physics here
        Velocity.Z += GetGravityZ() * DeltaTime;
    }
    Super::PhysCustom(DeltaTime, Iterations);
}
// Activate: CharMoveComp->SetMovementMode(MOVE_Custom, (uint8)ECustomMovement::Flying);

Movement replication: Client sends ServerMovePacked, server validates and replies via ClientMoveResponsePacked. This is automatic — do not call these RPCs manually.

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UGameInstance — Process Lifetime Singleton

Exists on: One per process. Survives ALL level loads.

Why: On level travel, every actor (including GameMode, GameState, PlayerController, PlayerState) is destroyed. GameInstance is never destroyed. It holds session handles, save game references, analytics state, and any data that must span the entire application lifetime.

// Lifecycle overrides
virtual void Init() override;      // called once at startup; subsystem init, save-game loading
virtual void OnStart() override;   // called when the instance is ready, after Init
virtual void Shutdown() override;  // called on application exit

// Access from actor or component
UMyGameInstance* GI = GetWorld()->GetGameInstance<UMyGameInstance>();

// Subsystems (also survive level travel)
UMySubsystem* Sub = GetGameInstance()->GetSubsystem<UMySubsystem>();

Session Management (Online Subsystem)

// Access the Online Subsystem session interface from GameInstance
IOnlineSubsystem* OSS = IOnlineSubsystem::Get();
IOnlineSessionPtr Sessions = OSS ? OSS->GetSessionInterface() : nullptr;
if (!Sessions.IsValid()) return;

// Create session (host)
FOnlineSessionSettings Settings;
Settings.bIsLANMatch = false;
Settings.NumPublicConnections = 4;
Settings.bShouldAdvertise = true;
Sessions->OnCreateSessionCompleteDelegates.AddUObject(
    this, &UMyGameInstance::OnCreateSessionComplete);
Sessions->CreateSession(0, NAME_GameSession, Settings);

// Find sessions (client)
TSharedRef<FOnlineSessionSearch> Search = MakeShared<FOnlineSessionSearch>();
Sessions->OnFindSessionsCompleteDelegates.AddUObject(
    this, &UMyGameInstance::OnFindSessionsComplete);
Sessions->FindSessions(0, Search);

// Join a found session
Sessions->OnJoinSessionCompleteDelegates.AddUObject(
    this, &UMyGameInstance::OnJoinSessionComplete);
Sessions->JoinSession(0, NAME_GameSession, Search->SearchResults[0]);

The Online Subsystem abstracts platform-specific backends (Steam, EOS, Null for testing). Add "OnlineSubsystem" and "OnlineSubsystemUtils" to your Build.cs dependencies. After joining, retrieve the connect string with GetResolvedConnectString and call ClientTravel.

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GameMode: Registration and Spawn Pipeline

AMyGameMode::AMyGameMode()
{
    DefaultPawnClass      = AMyCharacter::StaticClass();
    PlayerControllerClass = AMyPlayerController::StaticClass();
    GameStateClass        = AMyGameState::StaticClass();
    PlayerStateClass      = AMyPlayerState::StaticClass();
    HUDClass              = AMyHUD::StaticClass();
    bUseSeamlessTravel    = true;
}

Join sequence (server only):

InitGame()            → called before any player joins; use for map-specific rules init
PreLogin()            → reject here (server full, banned)
Login()               → create PlayerController, assign UniqueId
PostLogin()           → first safe point for server→client RPCs; assign teams here
HandleStartingNewPlayer() → triggers RestartPlayer()
RestartPlayer()       → FindPlayerStart() → SpawnDefaultPawnFor() → Possess()

Match state (AGameMode only):

bool AMyGameMode::ReadyToStartMatch_Implementation()
{
    return GetNumPlayers() >= MinPlayersToStart;
}
bool AMyGameMode::ReadyToEndMatch_Implementation()
{
    return GetGameState<AMyGameState>()->TeamAScore >= ScoreLimit;
}

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Travel Patterns

Seamless travel survival:

• Always: UGameInstance, APlayerController, APlayerState
• Never: AGameMode, AGameState, level actors
• Optional: actors you add in GetSeamlessTravelActorList()

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Common Mistakes

GameMode on client (null crash):

// WRONG
GetWorld()->GetAuthGameMode<AMyGameMode>()->EndMatch(); // nullptr on client
// RIGHT
if (HasAuthority()) { if (auto* GM = GetWorld()->GetAuthGameMode<AMyGameMode>()) GM->EndMatch(); }

Wrong class for data:

Score visible to all clients  → APlayerState, NOT APlayerController
Match timer on clients        → AGameState replicated property, NOT AGameMode
Data surviving level travel   → UGameInstance, NOT AGameState
Input binding                 → PlayerController or Pawn::SetupPlayerInputComponent, NOT ACharacter body

AcknowledgedPawn vs GetPawn: GetPawn() on a PlayerController may return a pawn before the server confirms possession. Use AcknowledgedPawn when you need the server-confirmed pawn.

Dedicated server guard:

if (GetNetMode() != NM_DedicatedServer)
{
    // HUD, camera, audio — never run these on dedicated server
}

PIE multi-player: In PIE with multiple players, each has its own PlayerController but all share the same GameMode instance. Test multiplayer logic with PIE > Number of Players set to 2 or more.

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Related Skills

• ue-actor-component-architecture — actor lifecycle, component tick, attachment
• ue-networking-replication — DOREPLIFETIME conditions, RPC patterns, push model
• ue-input-system — Enhanced Input mapping contexts and input actions

Gameplay Framework Class Map

Reference table showing where each class lives, who owns it, what it stores, and the exact lifecycle hook order. Cross-reference with SKILL.md for code examples.

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Authority and Presence Matrix

Key: "YES (auth)" = exists with ROLE_Authority. "YES (simulated proxy)" = exists with ROLE_SimulatedProxy, position interpolated from server updates.

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Class Ownership Chain

UGameInstance  [persists across all level loads]
  |
  +-- UWorld
        |
        +-- AGameMode           [server only]
        |     |
        |     +-- AGameState    [server + all clients]
        |           |
        |           +-- PlayerArray[]  --> APlayerState per player
        |
        +-- APlayerController   [server: all; client: own only]
              |
              +-- APlayerState  [server + all clients]
              |
              +-- AHUD          [local client only]
              |
              +-- APlayerCameraManager  [local client only]
              |
              +-- (possesses) --> APawn / ACharacter
                                    |
                                    +-- UCharacterMovementComponent
                                    +-- UCapsuleComponent  (root)
                                    +-- USkeletalMeshComponent

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Responsibility Summary

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Player Join Sequence (Server Side)

1. PreLogin(Options, Address, UniqueId, ErrorMessage)
      Set ErrorMessage != "" to reject.

2. Login(NewPlayer, RemoteRole, Portal, Options, UniqueId, ErrorMessage)
      Creates APlayerController via SpawnPlayerController().
      Creates APlayerState, assigns UniqueId and name.
      Returns new PC (or null on failure).

3. PostLogin(NewPlayer)
      First point where server-to-client RPCs are safe.
      GameState->PlayerArray is populated.
      Override to assign teams, send initial data.

4. HandleStartingNewPlayer(NewPlayer)
      Calls RestartPlayer() if not spectator.

5. RestartPlayer(NewPlayer)
      Calls FindPlayerStart() -> ChoosePlayerStart()
      Calls SpawnDefaultPawnFor()
      Calls NewPlayer->Possess(Pawn)

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Player Logout Sequence

1. Logout(Exiting)            -- GameMode notified (server only)
2. GameState->RemovePlayerState(PS)  -- PlayerArray updated
3. PlayerController destroyed
4. PlayerState destroyed (after ReplicationTimeout or immediately if non-seamless)

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Seamless Travel Actor Survival

When bUseSeamlessTravel = true, the travel happens in two legs:

• Leg 1: Current map → Transition map
• Leg 2: Transition map → Destination map

GetSeamlessTravelActorList is called for BOTH legs.

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Movement Mode Reference (UCharacterMovementComponent)

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Key Properties Quick Reference

AGameModeBase Classes

TSubclassOf<APawn>              DefaultPawnClass;
TSubclassOf<AGameStateBase>     GameStateClass;
TSubclassOf<APlayerController>  PlayerControllerClass;
TSubclassOf<APlayerState>       PlayerStateClass;
TSubclassOf<AHUD>               HUDClass;
TSubclassOf<ASpectatorPawn>     SpectatorClass;
TSubclassOf<AGameSession>       GameSessionClass;
uint32                          bUseSeamlessTravel : 1;
uint32                          bStartPlayersAsSpectators : 1;
uint32                          bPauseable : 1;

AGameStateBase Replicated Properties

TSubclassOf<AGameModeBase>   GameModeClass;       // ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_GameModeClass
TSubclassOf<ASpectatorPawn>  SpectatorClass;      // ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_SpectatorClass
TArray<APlayerState*>        PlayerArray;         // Always relevant
bool                         bReplicatedHasBegunPlay; // ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_ReplicatedHasBegunPlay
double                       ReplicatedWorldTimeSecondsDouble; // server clock sync

APlayerController Notable Members

TObjectPtr<APawn>                 AcknowledgedPawn;        // server-confirmed possession
TObjectPtr<APlayerCameraManager>  PlayerCameraManager;
TObjectPtr<AHUD>                  MyHUD;
TObjectPtr<UPlayerInput>          PlayerInput;             // only valid locally
uint32                            bShowMouseCursor : 1;
uint32                            bEnableClickEvents : 1;
uint32                            bEnableStreamingSource : 1;
uint16                            SeamlessTravelCount;

ACharacter Notable Members

// Components (access via getters)
USkeletalMeshComponent*        GetMesh()
UCharacterMovementComponent*   GetCharacterMovement()
UCapsuleComponent*             GetCapsuleComponent()

// Replicated state
uint8   bIsCrouched : 1;       // ReplicatedUsing=OnRep_IsCrouched
uint8   bProxyIsJumpForceApplied : 1;
float   JumpMaxHoldTime;       // Replicated — variable jump height
int32   JumpMaxCount;          // Replicated — multi-jump count
int32   JumpCurrentCount;      // current jump count this airtime
uint8   ReplicatedMovementMode; // Replicated — movement mode for simulated proxies

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NetMode Cheat Sheet

GetNetMode() == NM_Standalone      // single player, no network
GetNetMode() == NM_DedicatedServer // server process, no local player
GetNetMode() == NM_ListenServer    // server + local player (host)
GetNetMode() == NM_Client          // remote client

HasAuthority()  // true on server (NM_Standalone, NM_DedicatedServer, NM_ListenServer)
IsLocalController()  // true if this PlayerController belongs to the local machine's player
IsLocallyControlled()  // true on Pawn if its controller is a local player

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Class Selection Decision Tree

Need to store game-wide rules or control who can join?
  --> AGameMode (server-only, authoritative)

Need global data visible to ALL clients (scores, match timer)?
  --> AGameState (replicated everywhere)

Need per-player data visible to ALL clients (kills, team, name)?
  --> APlayerState (always relevant, replicated everywhere)

Need to handle input, camera, or UI for ONE player?
  --> APlayerController (exists on server + owning client only)

Need a player body that walks/jumps/crouches with built-in prediction?
  --> ACharacter (with UCharacterMovementComponent)

Need a custom vehicle, drone, or non-humanoid body?
  --> APawn (with a custom UPawnMovementComponent or manual physics)

Need data that survives level transitions?
  --> UGameInstance (singleton per process, never destroyed)