
Israeli Pension Advisor
- 60 installs
- 29 repo stars
- Updated August 3, 2026
- skills-il/tax-and-finance
israeli-pension-advisor is a niche agent skill for Israeli solo builders, freelancers, and micro-SaaS operators who must reason about pension deposits without treating chat output as tax law.
About
israeli-pension-advisor is a niche agent skill for Israeli solo builders, freelancers, and micro-SaaS operators who must reason about pension deposits without treating chat output as tax law. The package organizes verifiable claims—average wage, comprehensive fund ceilings, and self-employed contribution tiers—with explicit source URLs and where each figure appears across SKILL files and scripts. Agents are steered to cite those claims rather than invent thresholds, and calculation helpers support repeatable scenarios as income or business age changes. It fits Operate iteration when you adjust founder salary, review keren pensia mekifa limits, or explain obligations to a bookkeeper. It is not a substitute for licensed tax counsel but reduces arithmetic and lookup errors during ongoing financial operations.
- Structured claims registry with source URLs, snippets, and fetch dates for auditability
- 2026 average wage (sakhar memutza) anchored at 13,769 NIS/month per published BL references in skill metadata
- Comprehensive pension fund monthly deposit ceiling documented at 5,645 NIS/month for 2026 in claims
- Self-employed mandatory pension brackets spelled with half- and full-average-wage thresholds and first-year exemption
- Companion `calculate_pension.py` and reference docs for fund types and Hebrew/English SKILL variants
Israeli Pension Advisor by the numbers
- 60 all-time installs (skills.sh)
- Ranked #570 of 1,106 Finance & Trading skills by installs in the Skillselion catalog
- Security screen: LOW risk (skills.sh audit)
- Data as of Aug 4, 2026 (Skillselion catalog sync)
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| Installs | 60 |
|---|---|
| repo stars | ★ 29 |
| Security audit | 3 / 3 scanners passed |
| Last updated | August 3, 2026 |
| Repository | skills-il/tax-and-finance ↗ |
How do I answer Israeli pension deposit ceilings, self-employed brackets, and fund-type questions with claim-backed numbers for 2026 planning.?
Answer Israeli pension deposit ceilings, self-employed brackets, and fund-type questions with claim-backed numbers for 2026 planning.
Who is it for?
Best when you're working on finance & trading and need structured help with israeli pension advisor.
Skip if: Teams with no finance & trading needs, or anyone wanting a generic chat assistant without this specific workflow.
When should I use this skill?
When you need to answer Israeli pension deposit ceilings, self-employed brackets, and fund-type questions with claim-backed numbers for 2026 planning., or when israeli-pension-advisor is a niche agent skill for israeli s
What you get
Structured output aligned to israeli-pension-advisor: Structured claims registry with source URLs, snippets, and fetch dates for auditability, 2026 average wage (sakhar memutza) anchored at 13,769 NIS/month per published
Files
Israeli Pension Advisor
Critical Note
This skill provides general pension INFORMATION. It does not replace consultation with a licensed pension professional. Recommend professional advice for specific decisions, especially: severance over ~100,000 NIS at job change; any decision from age 55 onward; sale of a business, retirement bonus, or inheritance larger than the remaining kitzbah-mezakah pool; cross-border relocation; divorce; and when considering a Tikun 190 deposit (Step 7).
Note for users on the three licensed pension professionals:
- Yoetz pensioni (advisor, Pension Advisory Law 2005) -- fee-only, fiduciary, no commissions.
- Sokhen pensioni (agent) -- commission-paid by funds, sells products.
- Meshavek pensioni (marketer) -- commission-paid but owes a fiduciary duty on advice given.
For unbiased advice ask specifically for a yoetz pensioni.
Instructions
Step 1: Identify Savings Type
| Type | Hebrew | Purpose | Tax Benefit |
|---|---|---|---|
| Keren Pensia | keren pensia | Retirement + disability + survivors | Tax credit + deduction |
| Bituach Menahalim | bituach menahalim | Retirement (insurance-based, declining for new policies since 2013) | Tax credit + deduction |
| Keren Hishtalmut | keren hishtalmut | Medium-term savings (6 years) | Tax-free gains for employees |
| Kupat Gemel le-Tagmulim | kupat gemel le-tagmulim | General savings (historical, mostly closed to new deposits since 2008) | Various |
| Kupat Gemel le-Hashka'a (IRA) | kupat gemel le-hashka'a | Self-directed retirement savings (since 2016 reform) | Tax on withdrawal at marginal rate, or 15% real-gain if drawn as kitzbah at 60+ |
| Kupat Gemel le-Kitzbah (Tikun 190 vehicle) | kupat gemel le-kitzbah | Post-60 tax-shelter (see Step 7) | Full exemption as kitzbah, 15% real-gain as lump sum |
| Kranot Neemanot | kranot neemanot | Mutual funds (not pension) | Capital gains tax |
Step 2: Mandatory Pension Contributions
Since 2008, all employees must have pension insurance. Average wage (BL §2 definition, 2026): 13,769 NIS/month. This is the base figure for nearly every pension ceiling. (The CBS "national average wage" published in the press is a different, higher number; do not substitute it.)
Employee contributions:
- Employee: 6% of salary
- Employer pension (tagmulim): 6.5% of salary (includes disability-insurance component up to 2.5%)
- Employer severance (pitzuim): 6% of salary (mandatory minimum); 8.33% under full Section 14 (see Step 6)
- Total mandatory minimum: 18.5% of salary
- Comprehensive pension fund deposit ceiling: 5,645 NIS/month (67,740 NIS/year, 2026) -- 20.5% of 2× average wage. This corresponds to a salary ceiling of 2× avg wage = 27,538 NIS/month. Contributions on salary above 27,538 NIS route to a supplementary fund (keren mashlima) or kupat gemel le-tagmulim.
Pension contribution timing for new employees (Mandatory Pension Expansion Order):
- Employee with existing pension at intake: contributions begin Day 1, paid retroactively after 3 months of work or end of tax year (whichever first).
- Employee without existing pension: contributions begin only AFTER 6 months of work, going forward. The first 6 months are NOT covered retroactively.
Self-employed mandatory pension (Mandatory Pension for the Self-Employed Law, 2016):
- 4.45% on net taxable income up to 6,884.50 NIS/month (half average wage)
- 12.55% on income from 6,884.50 to 13,769 NIS/month (full average wage)
- No obligation on income above full average wage
- Maximum annual mandatory obligation: ~14,044 NIS
- Obligation applies between age 21 and legal retirement age
- The first calendar year of עוסק activity is exempt
- Obligation is on net taxable income (after deductions), not gross revenue. עוסק פטור and עוסק מורשה are both covered.
Step 3: Keren Hishtalmut (Training Fund)
The most popular Israeli savings vehicle:
For employees:
- Employee contribution: Up to 2.5% of salary
- Employer contribution: Up to 7.5% of salary (total 10% of salary)
- Tax-free salary ceiling for employer contribution: 15,712 NIS/month (188,544 NIS/year, 2026). At the ceiling the combined contribution is 1,571 NIS/month.
- Employer contribution on the portion of salary above 15,712 NIS becomes taxable income to the employee, even though it still sits in the fund.
- Withdrawal after 6 years: Tax-free on gains (unique Israeli benefit)
- Withdrawal after 3 years: For accredited training only, with documentation
For self-employed (two separate ceilings):
- Tax deduction from income: Up to 13,203 NIS/year (4.5% of income up to 293,397 NIS)
- Profit-exempt ceiling: 20,566 NIS/year (gains on deposits up to this amount are tax-free after 6 years). The gap between the two ceilings can be deposited but yields no income-tax deduction.
Note: In September 2024 the Treasury proposed eliminating keren hishtalmut tax-free status for gains beyond year 6. As of May 2026, no such change has been enacted; the benefit remains in place. Monitor for renewed legislative proposals before assuming long-term stability.
Step 4: Tax Benefits Summary
For employees:
- Pension tax credit: 35% credit on employee contributions up to 679 NIS/month (7% of qualifying salary 9,700 NIS, 2026). Maximum credit ~2,852 NIS/year.
- Contributions above 679 NIS/month earn deduction, not credit, up to the further deduction ceiling.
- Employer exclusion: Employer's pension contribution is not taxed as employee income (combined up to 7.5% of salary).
For self-employed:
- Tax credit (35%) on contributions up to 12,804 NIS/year (5.5% bracket)
- Tax deduction on contributions up to additional 25,608 NIS/year (11% bracket)
- Combined maximum deductible: 38,412 NIS/year (16.5% of qualifying income up to 232,800 NIS/year, ~19,400 NIS/month)
Pension payout (at retirement):
- Monthly pension partially tax-exempt under Tikun 190 (Amendment 190 to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2012)
- 2026 exemption rate: 57.5%; rising to 62.5% in 2027 and 67% from 2028 (schedule on track as of 2026)
- Tax-free pension amount: up to 5,422 NIS/month (2026)
- Qualifying pension threshold (kitzbah mezakah): 9,430 NIS/month
- Lifetime kitzbah-mezakah tax-exempt pool ≈ 32 years × 180% × kitzbah mezakah, currently roughly 1.5M NIS for a worker retiring in 2026. Eaten by severance withdrawn under heichum kitzbah (see Step 6).
Step 5: Withdrawal Rules
- Pension: Men age 67; women in 2026 age 63 years 3 months, rising 3-4 months per year to 65 by 2032 per the Retirement Age Amendment (2021). Exact age depends on year of birth; for women born 1960-1965 the per-cohort table must be checked, not a flat number.
- Three distinct retirement ages in Israeli law: gil zakaut le-kitzbah (60+, early access with conditions); gil prishah (67/63+); gil prishah chovah (67 for both genders, the maximum age at which an employer can require retirement). Do not conflate.
- Early pension withdrawal: 35% withholding on tagmulim or marginal rate, whichever higher. Early withdrawal of severance beyond the exempt ceiling is taxed at the marginal rate (up to 47%, plus surtax). Exceptions for disability, low household income, or terminal illness can reduce or remove the tax.
- Keren hishtalmut: After 6 years (tax-free on gains), or 3 years (accredited training only, with documentation). Early withdrawal taxes the GAINS at the marginal rate, not the full balance.
- Severance (pitzuim): On termination, subject to the Section 14 arrangement and the Form 161 process. Tax-exempt up to 13,750 NIS per year of service. See Step 6 in full before any withdrawal decision.
- Disability: New comprehensive pension funds under the unified regulations (takanon achid, June 2018) pay up to 75% of insured salary for disability. Bituach Leumi nechut klalit may overlap; offset rules apply per the takanon achid. The disability premium is built into the 6.5% employer tagmulim, up to 2.5% of salary; if the employee opts out of disability coverage that premium is added to the savings component.
- Survivors (sha'arim) under takanon achid for an ACTIVE member: spouse 60% of insured salary; orphans combined 40% of insured salary (divided among children under 21, extended to 24 during military / national / regular national service); dependent parent 20%; total cap 100% of insured salary. For an INACTIVE member, the benefit is calculated from the accumulated balance using actuarial coefficients, not fixed percentages. Bituach Leumi shaerim STACKS on top of this; it is not an offset.
- Nayadut (fund transfer): No transfer fees. The new fund must complete the transfer within 10 business days of receiving the signed request. Vetek (seniority) is preserved for the keren hishtalmut 6-year lock. Transferring from a pre-2013 bituach menahalim to a pensia fund forfeits guaranteed annuity factors (mekadem hamara mubatach) on those balances; check before transferring.
Step 6: Severance at Termination (Form 161)
The single most consequential decision at job change. Mistakes here cost tens of thousands of NIS in future tax.
Heichum kitzbah: the critical interaction users miss.
- Pension payouts at retirement are partially tax-exempt (57.5% of kitzbah mezakah in 2026, rising to 67% by 2028).
- Each shekel of tax-exempt severance withdrawn WITHIN 32 YEARS BEFORE legal retirement age reduces the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah tax-exempt pool by 1.35 shekels. Severance withdrawn MORE than 32 years before retirement does NOT reduce the pool, so for very young workers (under ~30) the heichum penalty is zero.
- The 1.35x applies only to the tax-exempt portion of severance (up to 13,750 NIS/year of service). Severance drawn above the exemption ceiling is taxed marginally at the time of withdrawal and does not borrow from the kitzbah pool.
- Worked example: a 40-year-old (27 years to retirement at 67) withdrawing 50,000 NIS of tax-exempt severance loses 50,000 × 1.35 = 67,500 NIS of future tax-exempt pension allowance. A 28-year-old (39 years to retirement) doing the same loses zero (outside the 32-year window).
Section 14 (4 real-world sub-cases, per the אישור כללי of 30 June 1998 and amendments): 1. Full 8.33% from day 1 on the full salary -- the textbook case; employer fully released from supplemental severance. 2. Section 14 on part of salary only (e.g. base, not bonus); the unfunded portion stays under the general law, calculated at final salary on termination. 3. Section 14 starting after a delay (no pension for the first months); employer owes the gap for the pre-Section-14 period at FINAL salary times years, indexed -- often the largest source of שלמת פיצויים claims. 4. Collective-agreement Section 14 (industry or Histadrut); bonuses, retroactive raises, and certain allowances may sit outside the arrangement and trigger residual severance liability.
The 2.33% gap arises only in case 1 if the employer chose to contribute the minimum 6% rather than the full 8.33% -- the employer owes the difference on termination at final salary.
Forms involved (Form 161 was redesigned January 2024 as a single unified form):
- Form 161 -- Part A (Employer Notice) -- Filled by the employer at termination, declaring employee details, employment period, salary, Section 14 status, and severance amounts paid out and accumulated in funds.
- Form 161 -- Part B (Employee Notice) -- Filled by the employee declaring intent for each component of severance: cash withdrawal (subject to heichum kitzbah), rezef-kitzbah (pension continuity), rezef-pitzuyim (severance continuity), or prisat pituyim (spread tax over up to 6 years). Part B REPLACES the old standalone Form 161א as of January 2024.
- Form 161 -- Part C -- Employer's calculation worksheet and instructions to the fund.
- Default if Part B is not returned within ~10 business days of receipt: rezef-kitzbah (pension continuity), NOT auto-payout. The Tax Authority treats a non-responding employee as having elected pension continuity if all severance funds are in annuity-eligible accounts. This is the opposite of the pre-2024 rule.
- Form 161ג (161C) -- Filed to REVOKE a prior rezef-pitzuyim election within 2 years of termination (the "bittul pituyim" window). Submitted directly to the Tax Authority.
- Form 161ד (161D) -- Filed at retirement to settle the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah exemption calculation against severance the employee took during their career (kibu'a zechuyot).
Three options at termination (in order of common preference): 1. Rezef zechuyot (continuity) -- Leave severance in the kupah, no tax event, no impact on future kitzbah-mezakah. Default best for younger workers with future retirement income. CAVEAT: only works cleanly if the new employer's severance contributions land in the same continuity arrangement; if the new employer has different terms or no pension yet, the rezef may not actualize and the severance sits frozen. 2. Bittul pituyim (cancellation) -- If severance was already drawn within the past 2 years, the employee can return it to the kupah with interest and indexation, with pakid shuma (assessment officer) approval, to restore the kitzbah pool. The original termination tax assessment is re-opened. Filed via Form 161ג. 3. Prisat pituyim (spreading) -- Spread severance taxation across up to 6 tax years to lower the marginal rate. Rule of thumb: 1 spread-year per 4 years of seniority, capped at 6. Only the taxable portion (above the petur ceiling) is spread; backward spreading exists but is rare and requires specific approval.
Step 7: Tikun 190 Deposits (the post-60 tax shelter)
Tikun 190 of the Income Tax Ordinance (2012) lets people aged 60+ who already draw a qualifying pension (kitzbah mezakah) at least the minimum threshold (approximately 5,012 NIS/month in 2026) deposit lump sums into a kupat gemel le-kitzbah with a dramatically improved tax treatment.
Why it matters: Tikun 190 deposits are THE standard tax-shelter tool at retirement age for severance, retirement bonuses, sale of a business, inheritance, and surplus liquid savings. A retiree depositing 1M NIS of an inheritance into a kupat gemel le-kitzbah pays 15% real-gain tax on lump-sum withdrawal (vs marginal up to 47% in a regular brokerage account), and pays zero tax if the deposit is drawn down as a monthly kitzbah.
Mechanics:
- Qualifying pension prerequisite: the depositor must already receive a kitzbah of at least the minimum threshold (BL old-age pension counts; private pension counts; a partial kitzbah from a former employer counts). Without it, the deposit is treated as a normal kupat gemel le-tagmulim and the Tikun 190 benefit does not apply.
- Age 60+ at deposit time.
- No annual deposit cap, no lifetime cap (the benefit is on the tax treatment, not a contribution ceiling).
- Lock-up: funds must remain at least until the depositor is eligible for kitzbah (essentially immediately, given the prerequisite).
- Withdrawal as kitzbah: monthly payments fully exempt from income tax for life.
- Withdrawal as lump sum: 15% tax on the real (CPI-adjusted) gain only; principal is not taxed.
- Inheritance: on the depositor's death, the funds pass to designated beneficiaries; their tax treatment depends on the beneficiary's age and choice (kitzbah vs lump sum).
Common confusion: "Tikun 190" is used colloquially to refer to BOTH this 60+ deposit benefit AND the parallel reform of severance / kitzbah taxation under the same amendment. The two have nothing operational in common. When a client says "Tikun 190" ask which they mean.
Triggers to recommend a yoetz pensioni consultation: any planned Tikun 190 deposit over ~250,000 NIS, any consideration of withdrawing the deposit before 5 years, and any deposit by a depositor with non-Israeli citizenship or US tax exposure (US-Israel cross-border practitioners disagree whether kupot gemel are PFICs under US tax law versus foreign pensions under the treaty; the disagreement is what makes professional advice mandatory here).
Step 8: Choosing Between Pension Types
Keren Pensia (Pension Fund):
- Lower management fees (default funds: 0.22% balance + 1% deposits; non-default: up to 0.5% balance + 6% deposits)
- Includes disability and survivors insurance built-in
- Multiple investment tracks: age-based (default), general, shares-focused, bonds-focused, halacha-compliant (avoids interest-bearing instruments, substitutes alternative instruments; historical returns trend modestly below conventional over long horizons but vary by fund)
- Preferred for most new employees
- Since 2013, most new employees are directed to keren pensia over bituach menahalim by default
Bituach Menahalim (Manager's Insurance):
- Separate insurance component (risk premium reduces savings)
- More investment track flexibility
- Higher management fees (up to 1.05% balance + up to 4% contributions)
- Policies sold AFTER 1 January 2013 lost the guaranteed annuity factor (mekadem hamara mubatach); pre-2013 policies retain it, a significant benefit at retirement for those who hold them.
- Worth keeping a pre-2013 policy in most cases; rarely worth opening a new one.
Step 9: Life Events
Divorce, pension split: The Pension Savings Division between Separated Spouses Law (2014) lets an ex-spouse register the divorce decree directly with the pension fund or insurer. Once registered, the fund administers the agreed split (typically up to 50% of the accumulation during the marriage) and pays each ex-spouse separately at their respective retirements. No repeated court enforcement is needed. Register promptly: the fund may pay out before registration without splitting if it has no notice.
Relocation abroad: Section 9(20) of the Income Tax Ordinance grants olim chadashim and toshavim chozrim vatikim a 10-year exemption from Israeli tax on certain foreign-sourced income, including foreign pensions; Israeli pensions paid to a non-resident are taxed under the source rule of Section 4א and the relevant tax treaty. Bituach Leumi has bilateral social security agreements with most European countries (UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and several others) that coordinate insurance periods. There is no totalization (social security) agreement between Israel and the United States -- this is a common misconception. A US-Israel tax treaty exists, but it covers income tax, not BL coordination. Treat any client moving to/from the US as a special case requiring cross-border tax advice.
Spousal attribution (nikuy zikkui): Under Section 47 of the Income Tax Ordinance, a non-working spouse's pension/hishtalmut contributions can shift to the working spouse's credit ceiling, increasing the household's overall tax benefit. Often missed in single-earner households.
Combining multiple pensions at retirement (gibush kitzbaot): Aggregate kitzbah from prior employers/funds into a single drawdown to maximize use of the kitzbah-mezakah exemption. Done via Form 161ד at retirement.
Bridge pension (pensia gisha): Common in high-tech severance packages; lets an executive draw kitzbah from age 60 to 67 from a managed payout. Tax treatment varies by fund design.
Examples
Example 1: New Employee
User says: "I just started a new job, what pension should I choose?" Result: Explain mandatory pension (default to keren pensia for new employees; bituach menahalim rarely worth opening since 2013), describe the ID-digit default fund assignment for employers with 50+ workers, recommend comparing management fees, suggest also opening a keren hishtalmut if the employer offers one (10% combined contribution is meaningful). For employees with a prior pension fund, contributions are retroactive to Day 1; without one, they begin only after 6 months.
Example 2: Self-Employed Savings
User says: "I'm a freelancer, how should I save for retirement?" Result: Explain that the first year of business is exempt from mandatory pension, then apply 4.45% / 12.55% brackets on net taxable income up to the average wage (max ~14,044 NIS/year). Note the two separate keren hishtalmut ceilings (13,203 NIS deduction vs 20,566 NIS profit-exempt) and the combined max deductible pension contribution of 38,412 NIS/year. Recommend maximizing keren hishtalmut first (best return per shekel of tax benefit).
Example 3: Job Change with Severance
User says: "I'm switching jobs and have 80,000 NIS of severance accrued under full Section 14. Should I take it or leave it?" Result: Walk through Form 161 (new 2024 unified form -- the employer files Part A, the employee fills Part B within ~10 business days of receipt). Default if no Part B is filed is rezef-kitzbah (pension continuity), NOT auto-payout. For a worker under ~35 (more than 32 years to retirement) heichum kitzbah penalty is zero, so withdrawal is tax-free up to 13,750 NIS per year of service and the kitzbah pool is unaffected. For a worker over ~35, prefer rezef-pitzuyim UNLESS the new employer's arrangement is not compatible (in which case rezef-kitzbah is the safer default). Mention prisat pituyim as a fallback if the worker needs liquidity but the severance pushes them into a high marginal bracket.
Example 4: Approaching Retirement (Tikun 190)
User says: "I'm 64, I just sold my business and have 1.5M NIS sitting in the bank. My private pension is 8,000 NIS/month. What should I do with the cash?" Result: Confirm 8,000 NIS pension exceeds the kitzbah-mezakah minimum (~5,012 NIS) and the user is over 60, both Tikun 190 prerequisites met. Explain deposit into a kupat gemel le-kitzbah: drawn as kitzbah, the monthly payment is fully exempt from income tax for life; drawn as lump sum, only the real gain is taxed at 15% (vs marginal up to 47% in a brokerage account). Estate-planning effect: funds pass to beneficiaries under fund rules, not probate. Strongly recommend a yoetz pensioni for a deposit at this size, especially if any beneficiary has US tax exposure.
Example 5: Divorce
User says: "We're divorcing. My ex has a much bigger pension than mine. How is it split?" Result: Explain the Pension Savings Division between Separated Spouses Law (2014). The divorce decree must specify the split percentage and the marital period. Once a certified copy is registered with each pension fund or insurer, the fund administers the split directly with no repeated enforcement. Register promptly: if the higher-earning spouse retires and starts drawing before registration, the fund may pay out the full amount and the receiving spouse will need to chase the funds personally.
Bundled Resources
Scripts
scripts/calculate_pension.py-- Computes mandatory pension contributions (employee, employer, severance), keren hishtalmut benefits with the 15,712 NIS salary cap enforced, and retirement savings projections (with realistic mekadem hamara per gender) for both employees and self-employed. Run:python scripts/calculate_pension.py --help
References
references/pension-fund-types.md-- Detailed comparison of Israeli pension vehicles: Keren Pensia, Bituach Menahalim, Kupat Gemel le-Tagmulim, Kupat Gemel le-Hashka'a (IRA), and Kupat Gemel le-Kitzbah (Tikun 190 vehicle), with fee structures, insurance components, default fund system, and major fund providers. Consult when advising on pension fund selection in Step 8.references/tax-benefits.md-- Israeli pension tax benefits including the 35% tax credit on employee contributions, employer contribution exclusions, keren hishtalmut tax-free gains, self-employed deduction rules, Section 14 details, Tikun 190 deposit mechanics, and pension payout tax exemption rates. Consult when calculating tax savings from pension and savings contributions.
Recommended MCP Servers
No pension-specific MCP exists today. Pair with general Israeli financial MCPs (e.g., il-bank for transaction data) when the user asks for cash-flow context alongside pension planning.
Gotchas
- "Tikun 190" means TWO different things. One: the 60+ deposit benefit into kupat gemel le-kitzbah (Step 7). Two: the 2012 amendment that introduced heichum kitzbah and the kitzbah-mezakah exemption schedule (Step 6). Always clarify which when a client uses the term.
- Women's retirement age is 63 years 3 months in 2026, not flat 63. The 2021 amendment schedule raises it by 3-4 months per year (not a constant 4) until 65 in 2032; the exact age depends on year of birth. Use the gov.il women's retirement age lookup, not a single number.
- Heichum kitzbah's 1.35x penalty only applies WITHIN 32 years of retirement. Workers under ~35 withdrawing severance pay zero kitzbah-pool penalty. Agents who blanket-discourage severance withdrawal for young workers are leaving liquidity on the table.
- Section 14 is not all-or-nothing. Four sub-cases exist (full, partial-salary, delayed-start, collective-agreement) and three of them leave residual שלמת פיצויים liability at final salary. Don't tell a terminating employee "Section 14 = nothing extra owed" without verifying which sub-case applies.
- Rezef zechuyot needs the new employer's severance contributions to flow into the same continuity arrangement. If the new employer is in a different scheme, or has no pension yet (e.g. the 6-month waiting period applies), rezef may not actualize and the severance sits frozen in the old kupah.
- Survivors pension under takanon achid is 60% spouse + 40% orphans COMBINED (not per orphan) + 20% dependent parent, capped at 100%. Agents who say "30% per orphan" are quoting an outdated or vendor-specific formula.
- Israeli pension has three distinct product types: comprehensive pension fund (keren pensia makifa), provident fund (kupat gemel), and managers' insurance (bituach menahalim). Agents may treat them as interchangeable, but they have different fee structures, insurance components, and withdrawal rules.
- Pension fund management fees in Israel have two components: from deposits (up to 6% for non-default funds) and from accumulated savings (up to 0.5% annually). Agents may quote only one component. Default selected funds cap at 0.22% balance + 1% deposits.
- Israeli pension funds invest significantly in local government bonds (igrot chov mimshaltiiot), which means returns are partially linked to Israeli economic performance. Agents should not compare Israeli pension returns directly to US 401(k) S&P 500 benchmarks.
- Self-employed keren hishtalmut has TWO separate ceilings: the tax deduction ceiling (13,203 NIS/year) and the profit-exempt ceiling (20,566 NIS/year). Agents often conflate these into a single figure.
- Bituach Leumi old-age pension (kitzvat zikna) STACKS on top of private pension fund payouts; it is not an offset. Self-employed users sometimes assume one replaces the other and underestimate retirement income, or skip private pension thinking BL is enough.
- Form 161 was redesigned January 2024 -- single unified form, Part B replaces the old 161א. The submission window is ~10 business days from receipt of Form 161 (Part A) from the employer, not the 4 months / 120 days that the old 161א allowed. Default if no Part B submitted is rezef-kitzbah (pension continuity), NOT auto-payout -- the opposite of the pre-2024 rule. Skills referencing "161א" without mentioning the 2024 redesign are stale.
- Hishtalmut tax-free employer contribution stops at salary 15,712 NIS/month. For higher earners, the employer hishtalmut on salary above the ceiling is taxable income to the employee even though it still sits in the fund.
Reference Links
| Source | URL | What to Check |
|---|---|---|
| Kol Zchut - Average Wage | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/השכר_הממוצע | Annual average wage figure from National Insurance (base for pension ceilings) |
| Kol Zchut - Mandatory Pension | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/חובת_ביטוח_פנסיוני_לעובדים | Employee/employer pension rates, Section 14, contribution timing |
| Kol Zchut - Default Pension Funds | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/קרנות_פנסיה_נבחרות_(קרנות_ברירת_מחדל) | Default fund tender, ID-digit assignment rules, fee caps |
| Kol Zchut - Severance Tax Exemption | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/פטור_ממס_הכנסה_על_פיצויי_פיטורים | Tax-exempt severance ceiling, heichum kitzbah, prisat pituyim |
| Kol Zchut - Severance Withdrawal | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/משיכת_כספי_פיצויי_פיטורים_מקופת_גמל_או_מהביטוח_הפנסיוני | Bittul pituyim, rezef zechuyot, severance tax mechanics (note: page describes the pre-2024 Form 161א flow; for the current Form 161 unified flow see the gov.il Notice of Retirement link above) |
| Kol Zchut - Retirement Age | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/גיל_פרישה_מעבודה | Current male/female retirement ages and the 2032 target schedule |
| Gov.il - Women's Retirement Age | https://www.gov.il/he/pages/women_retirement_age_news | Per-cohort women's retirement age (the by-year-of-birth table) |
| Kol Zchut - Pension Division at Divorce | https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/חלוקת_פנסיה_בין_בני_זוג_שנפרדו | Mechanics of the 2014 law on registering a divorce decree with a pension fund |
| Gov.il - Form 161 (New) | https://www.gov.il/he/service/notice-of-retirement | Official Tax Authority page for the redesigned Form 161 (Parts A/B/C, January 2024) |
| Pensuni - 2026 Pension Ceilings | https://pensuni.com/?p=827 | Annual aggregator for tax-credit ceilings, hishtalmut ceilings, kitzbah-mezakah figures |
| Pensuni - Tikun 190 Mechanics | https://pensuni.com/?p=1258 | Tikun 190 deposit rules, kitzbah-mezakah exemption schedule, heichum kitzbah formula |
Troubleshooting
Error: "Pension fund not transferring"
Cause: Switching pension funds requires a specific signed transfer request to the receiving fund. Solution: Contact the new fund to initiate. Once they have the signed request, transfer must complete within 10 business days. No fees. If transferring from pre-2013 bituach menahalim, verify whether you forfeit the guaranteed annuity factor before signing.
Error: "Employer not contributing"
Cause: Employer legally required to contribute pension after 6 months (no prior pension) or 3 months retroactive (with prior pension) Solution: Employer must contribute retroactively from the applicable start date. Contact Ministry of Labor (Misrad HaAvoda) or the pension fund for enforcement.
Error: "Cannot withdraw keren hishtalmut"
Cause: Lock-in period not completed Solution: Standard lock-in is 6 years from first deposit. Early withdrawal (3 years) only for accredited training with documentation. Withdrawal before maturity is taxed at the marginal income tax rate on the GAINS (not the full balance); can reach up to 50% including mas yesafim for high earners.
Error: "I withdrew severance and now regret it -- can I restore rezef-pitzuyim?"
Cause: Severance was paid out (either by explicit Part B election, or by following a pre-2024 procedure that defaulted to payout). The rezef-pitzuyim option has lapsed. Solution: Within 2 years of the payout, bittul pituyim may restore the option via Form 161ג -- the funds must be returned to the kupah with interest and indexation, and pakid shuma must approve. The original termination tax assessment is then re-opened.
{
"schemaVersion": "1.0",
"skill": "israeli-pension-advisor",
"generated_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"claims": [
{
"claim_id": "avg-wage-2026",
"claim": "Average wage (sakhar memutza, BL §2 definition) for 2026 is 13,769 NIS/month",
"source_url": "https://www.btl.gov.il/About/news/Pages/hadasaidkonkitzva2026.aspx",
"raw_snippet": "השכר הממוצע במשק לעניין דמי ביטוח לאומי בשנת 2026: 13,769 ש\"ח לחודש",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py"]
},
{
"claim_id": "comprehensive-fund-max-2026",
"claim": "Monthly deposit ceiling into a comprehensive pension fund (keren pensia mekifa) for 2026 is 5,645 NIS/month (20.5% of 2× average wage)",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=827",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת ההפקדה לקרן פנסיה מקיפה ב-2026: 5,645 ש\"ח לחודש, 20.5% מכפל השכר הממוצע במשק",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/pension-fund-types.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "self-employed-pension-brackets-2026",
"claim": "Self-employed mandatory pension: 4.45% on net taxable income up to half average wage (6,884.50 NIS/month); 12.55% on income from half to full average wage (6,884.50 to 13,769 NIS/month); no obligation above full average wage; first year of business exempt; obligation applies age 21 to retirement age",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "חוק פנסיה חובה לעצמאים תשע\"ז-2016: 4.45% עד מחצית השכר הממוצע; 12.55% ממחצית עד שכר ממוצע מלא; פטור בשנה הראשונה לעסק; חל מגיל 21 עד גיל פרישה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "self-employed-annual-cap-2026",
"claim": "Maximum annual mandatory pension obligation for self-employed in 2026: ~14,044 NIS (computed from the two brackets up to full average wage)",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=2233",
"raw_snippet": "חבות שנתית מקסימלית בפנסיה חובה לעצמאים 2026: כ-14,044 ש\"ח",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "hishtalmut-employer-tax-free-ceiling-2026",
"claim": "Keren hishtalmut: employer contribution is tax-free to the employee only up to a monthly salary of 15,712 NIS (188,544 NIS/year), at 7.5% employer + 2.5% employee",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת השכר להפקדה לקרן השתלמות לעובדים ב-2026: 15,712 ש\"ח לחודש (188,544 ש\"ח לשנה); 7.5% מעסיק + 2.5% עובד",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/pension-fund-types.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "hishtalmut-self-deduction-2026",
"claim": "Self-employed keren hishtalmut tax deduction ceiling: 13,203 NIS/year (4.5% of qualifying income up to 293,397 NIS)",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93_%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת ניכוי בקרן השתלמות לעצמאים 2026: 13,203 ש\"ח/שנה (4.5% מהכנסה עד 293,397 ש\"ח)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "hishtalmut-self-profit-exempt-2026",
"claim": "Self-employed keren hishtalmut profit-exempt ceiling: 20,566 NIS/year (gains on deposits up to this amount are capital-gains-tax-free after 6 years)",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=827",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת הפקדה פטורה ממס רווחי הון בקרן השתלמות לעצמאים 2026: 20,566 ש\"ח/שנה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "hishtalmut-tax-status-unchanged-2026",
"claim": "The Treasury's September 2024 proposal to convert the keren hishtalmut capital-gains exemption to a 6-year ceiling was dropped from the final 2025 budget and has not been re-introduced. As of May 2026 the lifetime capital-gains exemption on deposits within the annual cap remains in effect.",
"source_url": "https://www.themarker.com/markets/2024-09-23/ty-article/.premium/00000192-1eb8-dc44-affb-3fb904dd0000",
"raw_snippet": "הצעת האוצר מספטמבר 2024 לשינוי הטבת המס בקרן השתלמות נמשכה מתקציב 2025; לא נחקקה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "employee-tax-credit-2026",
"claim": "Employee pension tax credit: 35% of contributions up to 679 NIS/month (7% of qualifying salary 9,700 NIS/month); maximum annual credit ~2,852 NIS",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "זיכוי מס פנסיה לעובד 2026: 35% על הפקדות עד 679 ש\"ח/חודש (7% משכר מזכה 9,700 ש\"ח); זיכוי מקסימלי כ-2,852 ש\"ח/שנה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "self-employed-pension-tax-2026",
"claim": "Self-employed pension: tax credit (35%) on contributions up to 12,804 NIS/year (5.5% bracket); tax deduction on additional contributions up to 25,608 NIS/year (11% bracket); combined maximum deductible 38,412 NIS/year, computed on qualifying income up to 232,800 NIS/year (16.5% of ceiling)",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1447",
"raw_snippet": "הטבות מס לפנסיית עצמאי 2026: זיכוי 35% עד 12,804 ש\"ח/שנה (5.5%); ניכוי עד 25,608 ש\"ח/שנה (11%); סה\"כ 38,412 ש\"ח/שנה על הכנסה מזכה עד 232,800 ש\"ח",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "pension-exemption-schedule-2026",
"claim": "Pension payout tax exemption (under Tikun 190 to the Income Tax Ordinance): 57.5% of qualifying pension in 2026, rising to 62.5% in 2027 and 67% from 2028. Schedule has not been delayed or accelerated.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1258",
"raw_snippet": "שיעור הפטור על קצבת פנסיה: 57.5% ב-2026, 62.5% ב-2027, 67% מ-2028 לפי תיקון 190 לפקודת מס הכנסה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "tax-free-pension-amount-2026",
"claim": "Tax-free monthly pension amount in 2026: up to 5,422 NIS/month (57.5% of qualifying pension threshold 9,430 NIS)",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1258",
"raw_snippet": "סכום קצבה פטור ב-2026: עד 5,422 ש\"ח/חודש (57.5% מתקרת קצבה מזכה 9,430)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "kitzbah-mezakah-2026",
"claim": "Qualifying pension threshold (kitzbah mezakah) for 2026: 9,430 NIS/month",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=827",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת קצבה מזכה 2026: 9,430 ש\"ח/חודש",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "severance-exempt-ceiling-2026",
"claim": "Tax-exempt severance ceiling for 2026: 13,750 NIS per year of service",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=827",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת פיצויי פיטורים פטורה ממס 2026: 13,750 ש\"ח לכל שנת עבודה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "mandatory-pension-rates",
"claim": "Mandatory pension contribution rates (unchanged in 2026): Employee 6%, Employer pension 6.5%, Employer severance 6% (or 8.33% under Section 14 to fully cover severance liability). Total minimum 18.5%.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D",
"raw_snippet": "שיעורי פנסיה חובה: עובד 6%, מעסיק לתגמולים 6.5%, מעסיק לפיצויים 6% (או 8.33% בסעיף 14 מלא); סה\"כ 18.5% מינימום",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "section-14-mechanics",
"claim": "Section 14 of the Severance Pay Law (1963) releases the employer from supplementing severance if ongoing contributions cover the full liability at 8.33% of salary. The אישור כללי (General Approval, June 1998 and amendments) defines four real-world sub-cases: full 8.33% from day 1 on full salary; Section 14 on partial salary with the balance under the general law; Section 14 starting only after a delay (employer owes the gap at final salary for the pre-Section-14 period); and collective-agreement Section 14 where bonuses and retroactive raises sit outside the arrangement.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D",
"raw_snippet": "סעיף 14 לחוק פיצויי פיטורים תשכ\"ג-1963; אישור כללי לפי סעיף 14 (משרד העבודה, נוסח 30.6.1998)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "retirement-age-women-2026",
"claim": "Women's retirement age in 2026: 63 years and 3 months (not flat 63). Schedule rises by 3-4 months/year per the Retirement Age Amendment of 2021, reaching 65 by 2032. Men's retirement age remains 67. Exact age depends on year of birth.",
"source_url": "https://www.gov.il/he/pages/women_retirement_age_news",
"raw_snippet": "גיל פרישה לנשים ב-2026: 63 שנים ו-3 חודשים; עליה הדרגתית של 3-4 חודשים בשנה עד גיל 65 ב-2032; חוק גיל פרישה (תיקון) התשפ\"א-2021",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py"]
},
{
"claim_id": "default-fund-tender-2024",
"claim": "Default pension fund tender: November 2024-October 31, 2028. Four selected funds (Meitav, Altshuler Shaham, Mor, Infinity). Fees: 0.22% of balance + 1% of deposits, locked for 10 years per member from each member's join date. ID-digit auto-assignment for 50+ employee employers in effect from June 1, 2025 (0-1 Meitav, 2-3 Altshuler Shaham, 4-5-6 Mor, 7-8-9 Infinity).",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=23780",
"raw_snippet": "מכרז קרנות ברירת מחדל נובמבר 2024 עד 31.10.2028; מיטב, אלטשולר שחם, מור, אינפיניטי; דמי ניהול 0.22% מהצבירה + 1% מההפקדות, נעולים 10 שנים לכל עמית; שיוך אוטומטי לפי ספרת ביקורת תז ממעסיקים עם 50+ עובדים מ-1.6.2025",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/pension-fund-types.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "heichum-kitzbah-1.35-32yr",
"claim": "Heichum kitzbah formula: each shekel of tax-exempt severance withdrawn within 32 years before legal retirement age reduces the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah tax-exempt pool by 1.35 shekels. Severance withdrawn more than 32 years before retirement does not impact the kitzbah-mezakah pool. The 1.35x ratio applies only to the tax-exempt portion (up to 13,750 NIS/year of service), not to severance withdrawn in excess of the exemption.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1258",
"raw_snippet": "היחום קצבה: כל שקל פיצויים פטור שנמשך בתוך 32 שנה לפני גיל פרישה מקטין מאגר הפטור על קצבה ב-1.35 ש\"ח; משיכה מחוץ לחלון 32 השנים אינה משפיעה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "tikun-190-deposits",
"claim": "Tikun 190 (Amendment 190 to the Income Tax Ordinance, 2012) lets pensioners aged 60+ who draw a qualifying pension (kitzbah mezakah) of at least the minimum threshold (approximately 5,012 NIS/month in 2026) deposit funds into a kupat gemel le-kitzbah. Withdrawal as kitzbah is fully tax-exempt; lump-sum withdrawal is taxed at 15% on the real (CPI-adjusted) gains rather than the marginal rate. This is the standard post-60 tax-shelter tool for severance, retirement bonuses, sale of business, and inheritance.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=2795",
"raw_snippet": "תיקון 190 כדאיות 2026: הפקדה לקופת גמל לקצבה לבני 60+; משיכה כקצבה פטורה לחלוטין ממס, משיכה הונית 15% על רווח נומינלי/ריאלי; תנאי קצבה מזכה מינימלית",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "form-161-new-2024",
"claim": "Form 161 was redesigned in January 2024 as a single unified form with three parts: Part A (Employer Notice, replacing the old standalone Form 161), Part B (Employee Notice, replacing the old standalone Form 161א), and Part C (Employer calculation worksheet and instructions to the fund). The employee must submit Part B within ~10 business days of receiving Form 161 from the employer. Default if Part B is not returned: rezef-kitzbah (pension continuity), with the Tax Authority treating the non-responding employee as having elected pension continuity if all severance funds are in annuity-eligible accounts. This is the OPPOSITE of the pre-2024 rule, where missing the filing window triggered auto-payout. Form 161ג (161C) is filed to REVOKE a prior rezef-pitzuyim election within 2 years of termination (bittul pituyim). Form 161ד (161D) is filed at retirement to settle the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah exemption calculation (kibu'a zechuyot).",
"source_url": "https://www.gov.il/he/service/notice-of-retirement",
"raw_snippet": "טופס 161 החדש (ינואר 2024): טופס מאוחד הכולל חלק א' (הודעת מעסיק) שמחליף את 161 הישן, חלק ב' (הודעת עובד) שמחליף את 161א, וחלק ג' (חישוב המעסיק). חלון הגשה ~10 ימי עסקים. ברירת מחדל ללא חלק ב': רצף קצבה. טופס 161ג לביטול רצף פיצויים תוך שנתיים. טופס 161ד בפרישה לקיבוע זכויות.",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "survivors-pension-takanon-achid",
"claim": "Survivors pension under the unified pension fund regulations (takanon achid) for an ACTIVE member at death: spouse 60% of insured salary; orphans 40% of insured salary combined (divided among all orphans under age 21, extended to 24 during military / national / regular national service); dependent parent (where applicable) 20% of insured salary; total cap 100% of insured salary. For an INACTIVE member, the benefit is calculated from the accumulated balance using actuarial coefficients rather than fixed percentages.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=4825",
"raw_snippet": "תקנון אחיד - קצבת שאירים: בן/בת זוג 60% מהשכר הקובע; יתומים 40% מהשכר הקובע (סה\"כ לכל הילדים); הורה סמוך 20%; תקרה 100%",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/pension-fund-types.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "fund-management-fees",
"claim": "Pension fund management fee caps: comprehensive non-default funds up to 0.5% of balance + 6% of deposits; managers' insurance (bituach menahalim) up to 1.05% of balance + 4% of deposits. Default funds capped at 0.22% balance + 1% deposits.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C_%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת דמי ניהול: קרן פנסיה רגילה 0.5% צבירה + 6% הפקדות; ביטוח מנהלים 1.05% צבירה + 4% הפקדות; קרנות ברירת מחדל 0.22% + 1%",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/pension-fund-types.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "pension-contribution-timing",
"claim": "Employer pension contribution commencement under the Mandatory Pension Expansion Order: (a) employee with prior pension at intake — contributions retroactive to Day 1, paid out after 3 months of work or end of tax year (whichever is earlier); (b) employee without prior pension — contributions begin only after 6 months of work, going forward (not retroactive to Day 1).",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D",
"raw_snippet": "צו ההרחבה לפנסיה חובה: עם ביטוח קודם - הפרשות רטרואקטיביות מיום 1 משולמות אחרי 3 חודשים; ללא ביטוח קודם - הפרשות אחרי 6 חודשים בלבד, לא רטרואקטיביות",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "nayadut-10-day-transfer",
"claim": "Pension fund nayadut (transfer): once the new fund receives a complete signed transfer request, the entire balance must be transferred within 10 business days. No transfer fees. The employee retains seniority (vetek) for purposes of the 6-year keren hishtalmut lock and pension fund insurance coverage; transferring between pension fund and managers' insurance does not preserve guaranteed annuity factors from pre-2013 policies.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D",
"raw_snippet": "מעבר בין גופים פנסיוניים: הקרן המקבלת חייבת להעביר את כל היתרה תוך 10 ימי עסקים; אין דמי ניוד; שמירת ותק להשתלמות וכיסוי",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "early-withdrawal-tax",
"claim": "Early withdrawal of tagmulim (pension savings before retirement age) is taxed at 35% or the employee's marginal rate, whichever is higher. Early withdrawal of severance beyond the exempt ceiling is taxed at the marginal rate (up to 47% plus surtax). Exceptions to the 35% withholding: disability, low household income, terminal illness; in those cases withdrawal can be tax-free or at a reduced rate.",
"source_url": "https://www.amitim.com/faq/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9D-%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95%D7%99%D7%91-%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1-%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9D/",
"raw_snippet": "משיכת תגמולים מוקדמת ממוסה ב-35% או שיעור שולי, הגבוה מבניהם; פיצויים מעל תקרת פטור - שולי עד 47%",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "divorce-pension-split-2014",
"claim": "The Pension Savings Division between Separated Spouses Law (2014) lets ex-spouses register a divorce decree directly with the pension fund/insurer. Upon registration, the fund administers the agreed split (typically up to 50% of the marital-period accumulation) and pays each ex-spouse separately when they reach retirement. No need for repeated court enforcement.",
"source_url": "https://www.nevo.co.il/law_html/law01/501_070.htm",
"raw_snippet": "חוק לחלוקת חיסכון פנסיוני בין בני זוג שנפרדו, התשע\"ד-2014 (נבו): רישום פסק דין בקרן הפנסיה לחלוקה ישירה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "pension-while-abroad-9-20",
"claim": "Section 9(20) of the Income Tax Ordinance grants olim chadashim and toshavim chozrim vatikim a 10-year exemption from Israeli tax on certain foreign-sourced income, including foreign pensions. Israeli pensions paid to a non-resident are taxed under the source rule of Section 4א / סעיף 4א and the relevant tax treaty. Bituach Leumi has bilateral social-security agreements with most European countries (UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and several others) that coordinate insurance periods. There is NO totalization (social-security) agreement between Israel and the United States as of May 2026.",
"source_url": "https://www.bshcpa.co.il/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%91-%D7%97%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8-%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7/",
"raw_snippet": "תושב חוזר ותיק - פטור 10 שנים על הכנסות זרות, כולל פנסיה זרה, לפי סעיף 9(20); אין הסכם טוטליזציה ביטוח לאומי בין ישראל לארה\"ב",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "section-47-spousal-attribution",
"claim": "Section 47 of the Income Tax Ordinance allows a non-working spouse's pension/hishtalmut contributions to be attributed to the working spouse's credit ceiling, increasing the household tax benefit in single-earner households (nikuy zikkui).",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "סעיף 47 לפקודת מס הכנסה: ייחוס הפקדות פנסיוניות בין בני זוג",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "section-2-bl-average-wage",
"claim": "Section 2 of the National Insurance Law defines the legal average wage (sakhar memutza, 13,769 NIS/month in 2026) used as the basis for almost every pension ceiling. Distinct from the CBS national average wage published in the press.",
"source_url": "https://www.btl.gov.il/About/news/Pages/hadasaidkonkitzva2026.aspx",
"raw_snippet": "סעיף 2 לחוק הביטוח הלאומי: השכר הממוצע במשק לעניין דמי ביטוח לאומי",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "form-161d-retirement-settlement",
"claim": "Form 161ד (161D) is filed at retirement to settle the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah exemption calculation against severance the employee took during their career. Used during gibush kitzbaot at retirement to aggregate kitzbah from multiple prior employers.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99",
"raw_snippet": "טופס 161ד: יישוב חישוב פטור על קצבה מזכה בפרישה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "disability-75-percent-takanon-achid",
"claim": "New comprehensive pension funds under the unified regulations (takanon achid, in force from June 2018) pay up to 75% of insured salary for full disability, with Bituach Leumi nechut klalit offset rules applying.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%A7%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA)",
"raw_snippet": "קצבת נכות מקרן פנסיה (פנסיית נכות): עד 75% מהשכר המבוטח לפי התקנון האחיד",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "kupat-gemel-hashkaa-cap-2026",
"claim": "Kupat gemel le-hashka'a (IRA-style, introduced 2016) annual deposit ceiling is 83,641 NIS per beneficiary for 2026, updated annually by the Capital Markets Authority.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%94",
"raw_snippet": "תקרת הפקדה שנתית לקופת גמל להשקעה 2026: 83,641 ש\"ח לכל מוטב",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["references/pension-fund-types.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "derived-figures",
"claim": "Derived figures used in the skill (Hebrew and English variants): 1,571 NIS/month / 1,571 ש\"ח = 15,712 × 10% (max combined hishtalmut at the salary cap); 19,400 NIS/month / 19,400 ש\"ח = 232,800 / 12 (monthly equivalent of self-employed pension qualifying income ceiling); 27,538 NIS / 27,538 ש\"ח = 2 × 13,769 (insurable salary cap = 2× average wage); 67,740 NIS / 67,740 ש\"ח = 5,645 × 12 (annual deposit ceiling); 8,148 NIS / 8,148 ש\"ח = 679 × 12 (annual tax-credit-eligible contribution); 6,884.50 NIS / 6,884.50 ש\"ח (half of average wage 13,769); 238 NIS / 238 ש\"ח = 679 × 35% (worked example of tax-credit reduction); 10% combined hishtalmut rate = 7.5% employer + 2.5% employee; 2.33% Section 14 gap = 8.33% - 6%; 180% factor in the kitzbah-mezakah pool formula (32 years × 180% × kitzbah mezakah); 31% marginal-rate estimate used in the calculator pension-net projection; 67,500 NIS / 67,500 ש\"ח = 50,000 × 1.35 (heichum kitzbah worked example showing 50,000 NIS / 50,000 ש\"ח withdrawn × 1.35 ratio).",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=827",
"raw_snippet": "כל הנגזרות הללו הן חישוב טריוויאלי מערכי המקור המופיעים בטבלת תקרות הפנסיה 2026 של Pensuni",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py", "references/pension-fund-types.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "illustrative-amounts",
"claim": "Illustrative round-number amounts used in worked examples for clarity, not as regulatory thresholds (English and Hebrew variants both appear): 50,000 NIS / 50,000 ש\"ח (example severance withdrawal in heichum kitzbah worked example); 80,000 NIS / 80,000 ש\"ח (Example 3 severance in user's job-change scenario); 100,000 NIS / 100,000 ש\"ח (recommendation trigger for yoetz pensioni consultation, as a rough order of magnitude); 250,000 NIS / 250,000 ש\"ח (recommendation trigger for yoetz pensioni for Tikun 190 deposits, rough order of magnitude); 8,000 NIS / 8,000 ש\"ח (Example 4 user's monthly pension); 20,000 NIS (example salary used in the calculator script).",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1258",
"raw_snippet": "סכומים אילוסטרטיביים בדוגמאות מעשיות; לא ערכי סף רגולטוריים",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "scripts/calculate_pension.py"]
},
{
"claim_id": "kitzbah-mezakah-minimum-2026",
"claim": "Minimum qualifying pension (kitzbah mezakah minimit) for Tikun 190 deposit eligibility in 2026: approximately 5,012 NIS/month, equal to the minimum kitzbah amount in the unified regulations.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=1258",
"raw_snippet": "קצבה מזכה מינימלית 2026: כ-5,012 ש\"ח/חודש (תנאי סף לתיקון 190)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md", "references/tax-benefits.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "outdated-30-percent-orphan-misquote",
"claim": "Some older or vendor-specific marketing materials cite '30% per orphan' for the survivors pension breakdown. This is explicitly flagged in the skill's Gotchas as a common misquote to correct; the actual takanon achid breakdown is 60% spouse + 40% orphans combined + 20% dependent parent (cap 100%). The 30% figure is preserved in the Gotchas only to identify the misquote, not to endorse it.",
"source_url": "https://pensuni.com/?p=4825",
"raw_snippet": "תקנון אחיד: בן/בת זוג 60%, יתומים 40% יחד, הורה סמוך 20%, תקרה 100% (לא 30% לכל יתום כפי שמופיע בחומרי שיווק ישנים)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-avg-wage",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page 'השכר הממוצע' summarizes the National Insurance §2 average wage figure used as base for pension ceilings.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/השכר_הממוצע",
"raw_snippet": "השכר הממוצע - דף בכל-זכות המסכם את הגדרת השכר הממוצע לעניין ביטוח לאומי",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-mandatory-pension",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'חובת ביטוח פנסיוני לעובדים' is the authoritative summary of mandatory-pension rates, Section 14 mechanics, and contribution timing.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/חובת_ביטוח_פנסיוני_לעובדים",
"raw_snippet": "חובת ביטוח פנסיוני לעובדים - דף סיכום מקיף לחובה, שיעורים, וצו ההרחבה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-default-funds",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'קרנות פנסיה נבחרות (קרנות ברירת מחדל)' summarizes the default-fund tender and ID-digit assignment rules. URL appears in skill files in two forms: with and without the trailing closing parenthesis.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/קרנות_פנסיה_נבחרות_(קרנות_ברירת_מחדל)",
"raw_snippet": "קרנות פנסיה נבחרות (קרנות ברירת מחדל) - דף סיכום על המכרז וכללי השיוך. https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/קרנות_פנסיה_נבחרות_(קרנות_ברירת_מחדל https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/קרנות_פנסיה_נבחרות_(קרנות_ברירת_מחדל)",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-severance-petur",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'פטור ממס הכנסה על פיצויי פיטורים' summarizes the severance tax exemption, heichum kitzbah mechanics, and prisat pituyim option.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/פטור_ממס_הכנסה_על_פיצויי_פיטורים",
"raw_snippet": "פטור ממס הכנסה על פיצויי פיטורים - דף סיכום על תקרת הפטור והיחום קצבה",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-severance-withdrawal",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'משיכת כספי פיצויי פיטורים מקופת גמל או מהביטוח הפנסיוני' details bittul pituyim, rezef zechuyot, and severance tax mechanics. Note: this page reflects the pre-2024 Form 161א flow; for the current unified Form 161 (Parts A/B/C, January 2024 onwards) see the gov.il Notice of Retirement page.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/משיכת_כספי_פיצויי_פיטורים_מקופת_גמל_או_מהביטוח_הפנסיוני",
"raw_snippet": "משיכת פיצויי פיטורים - דף סיכום על תהליך טופס 161א, רצף זכויות, וביטול פיצויים",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-retirement-age",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'גיל פרישה מעבודה' summarizes the male and female retirement ages and the 2032 target schedule.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/גיל_פרישה_מעבודה",
"raw_snippet": "גיל פרישה מעבודה - דף סיכום על גילי הפרישה הנוכחיים ולוח הזמנים ל-2032",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
},
{
"claim_id": "reference-link-kolzchut-pension-divorce",
"claim": "Kol Zchut page on 'חלוקת פנסיה בין בני זוג שנפרדו' explains the mechanics of the 2014 Pension Savings Division law and registering a divorce decree with the pension fund.",
"source_url": "https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%96%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%95",
"raw_snippet": "חלוקת פנסיה בין בני זוג שנפרדו - דף סיכום בכל-זכות על חוק 2014. https://www.kolzchut.org.il/he/חלוקת_פנסיה_בין_בני_זוג_שנפרדו",
"fetched_at": "2026-05-18T00:00:00Z",
"appears_in": ["SKILL.md", "SKILL_HE.md"]
}
]
}
{
"author": "skills-il",
"version": "2.2.0",
"category": "tax-and-finance",
"tags": {
"he": [
"פנסיה",
"פרישה",
"חיסכון",
"קרן-השתלמות",
"ישראל",
"ביטוח-מנהלים",
"קופת-גמל",
"סעיף-14",
"דמי-ניהול",
"הטבות-מס",
"פיצויים",
"תיקון-190",
"טופס-161"
],
"en": [
"pension",
"retirement",
"savings",
"keren-hishtalmut",
"israel",
"bituach-menahalim",
"kupat-gemel",
"section-14",
"management-fees",
"tax-benefits",
"pitzuim",
"tikun-190",
"form-161"
]
},
"display_name": {
"he": "יועץ פנסיה ישראלי",
"en": "Israeli Pension Advisor"
},
"display_description": {
"he": "ניווט במערכת הפנסיה והחיסכון הישראלית, כולל קרנות פנסיה, ביטוח מנהלים, קרנות השתלמות, טיפול בפיצויים בטופס 161, הפקדות תיקון 190 לבני 60+, וחלוקת פנסיה בגירושין או מעבר לחו\"ל. הפעילו כשמשתמש שואל על פנסיה, קרן השתלמות, חיסכון לפרישה, הפרשות מעסיק, דמי ניהול, הטבות מס, רצף זכויות, או תיקון 190. החלטות פנסיוניות לא מושכלות עולות מאות אלפי שקלים לאורך החיים. אל תשתמשו להמלצות השקעה ספציפיות או השוואת ביצועי קרנות.",
"en": "Navigate the Israeli pension and savings system including pension funds (keren pensia), manager's insurance (bituach menahalim), training funds (keren hishtalmut), severance at Form 161, Tikun 190 post-60 deposits, and pension division at divorce or relocation. Use when user asks about Israeli pension, \"pensia\", \"keren hishtalmut\", retirement savings, \"bituach menahalim\", pension contributions, tax benefits, severance continuity (rezef zechuyot), or Tikun 190. Covers mandatory pension, voluntary savings, withdrawal rules, and life events. Uninformed pension decisions cost hundreds of thousands of NIS over a lifetime. Do NOT provide specific investment recommendations or fund performance comparisons."
},
"supported_agents": [
"claude-code",
"cursor",
"github-copilot",
"windsurf",
"opencode",
"codex",
"antigravity",
"gemini-cli"
]
}
Israeli Pension Fund Types
Keren Pensia (Pension Fund)
- Type: Defined contribution (since 1995 reform)
- Components: Retirement savings + disability insurance + survivors insurance
- Management fees: Non-default funds: max 0.5% of balance + up to 6% of deposits. Selected default funds: 0.22% of balance + 1% of deposits, locked for 10 years from each member's join date.
- Deposit ceiling: 5,645 NIS/month (67,740 NIS/year, 2026); 20.5% of 2× average wage. Corresponds to insurable salary cap of 27,538 NIS/month.
- Investment: Balanced portfolio managed by fund (multiple tracks)
- Payout: Monthly pension at retirement (annuity)
- Major fund operators include Menora Mivtachim, Migdal Makefet, Harel, Clal, Phoenix, Yelin Lapidot, Altshuler Shaham, Meitav, Mor, Infinity; the 4 default funds since Nov 2024 are Meitav, Altshuler Shaham, Mor, Infinity. (List is not exhaustive; check current Capital Markets Authority directory before recommending a specific operator.)
Advantages
- Lower management fees
- Built-in insurance coverage (disability + survivors)
- Survivors pension under takanon achid for an ACTIVE member: spouse 60% of insured salary; orphans 40% combined (divided among children under 21, extended to 24 during military / national / regular national service); dependent parent 20%; cap 100%. (Not "30% per orphan" as some agents quote.)
- Guaranteed minimum return mechanism on a portion of assets
- Simpler structure than bituach menahalim
Disadvantages
- Less investment flexibility than bituach menahalim
- Monthly pension only (no lump sum option for post-2008 savings)
Bituach Menahalim (Manager's Insurance)
- Type: Insurance-based savings product
- Components: Savings + separate risk insurance (disability, life)
- Management fees: Up to 1.05% of balance + up to 4% of contributions
- Investment: Multiple tracks available (stocks, bonds, etc.)
- Payout: Monthly pension or partial lump sum
- Guaranteed annuity factor (mekadem hamara mubatach): Pre-2013 policies retain it; policies sold after 1 January 2013 do not.
Advantages
- More investment track options
- Potential for partial lump sum withdrawal
- Pre-2013 policies' guaranteed annuity factor is a meaningful retirement benefit
Disadvantages
- Higher management fees
- Separate risk premium reduces savings
- More complex structure
- Declining for new policies since 2013. Most new employees directed to keren pensia.
Keren Hishtalmut (Training Fund)
- Type: Medium-term savings
- Lock-in: 6 years (3 years for accredited training/education)
- Tax: Gains tax-free after 6 years (for employees and self-employed within ceilings)
- Contribution ceiling for tax benefit: Salary ceiling for tax-free employer contribution: 15,712 NIS/month (188,544 NIS/year, 2026)
- Most popular savings product in Israel
For Employees
- Employee: 2.5% of salary
- Employer: 7.5% of salary
- At the tax-free salary cap of 15,712 NIS/month, max total contribution = 1,571 NIS/month
- Employer contribution on salary above 15,712 NIS is taxable income to the employee even though it still sits in the fund
For Self-Employed
- Two ceilings: Tax deduction from income: up to 13,203 NIS/year (4.5% of income up to 293,397 NIS/year). Profit-exempt ceiling: 20,566 NIS/year.
- Tax benefit: deduction from taxable income; gains on deposits up to 20,566 NIS are tax-free after 6 years
Kupat Gemel le-Tagmulim (Historical Provident Fund)
- General savings/investment vehicle
- Mostly closed to new deposits since the 2008 pension reform
- Existing balances continue to grow
- Withdrawal rules: marginal tax on the GAINS (not balance) before maturity
Kupat Gemel le-Hashka'a (IRA-style, 2016 reform)
- Self-directed retirement savings
- Annual deposit ceiling: 83,641 NIS per beneficiary for 2026 (updated annually by the Capital Markets Authority)
- Self-directed investment choice (within the fund's universe)
- Withdrawal: at marginal rate if drawn before age 60; if drawn as kitzbah at 60+ with qualifying pension prerequisite, eligible for the 15% real-gain treatment
Kupat Gemel le-Kitzbah (Tikun 190 vehicle)
- Eligibility: Age 60+ and already drawing a kitzbah of at least the minimum threshold (approximately 5,012 NIS/month in 2026)
- No deposit cap (annual or lifetime)
- Withdrawal as kitzbah: Fully exempt from income tax for life
- Withdrawal as lump sum: 15% tax on the real (CPI-adjusted) gain only
- Use cases: Sale of business, retirement bonus, severance at age 60+, inheritance, surplus liquid savings
- See
references/tax-benefits.mdfor the full mechanics
Default Pension Fund System
- Tender awarded November 2024 to 4 funds; tender period runs through October 31, 2028
- ID-digit auto-assignment for employers with 50+ employees activated June 1, 2025
- Last digits 0, 1: Meitav
- Last digits 2, 3: Altshuler Shaham
- Last digits 4, 5, 6: Mor
- Last digits 7, 8, 9: Infinity
- Smaller employers may select any of the 4 funds
- Fee cap: 0.22% balance + 1% deposits, locked for 10 years from each member's join date (per-member, not tender)
- Employees can switch funds at any time after assignment
Pension Tax Benefits in Israel
Employee Tax Benefits
Tax Credit (Zikui Mas)
- 35% tax credit on employee pension contributions
- Ceiling: 8,148 NIS/year (679 NIS/month, 2026); the 679 figure equals 7% of qualifying salary 9,700 NIS
- Credit directly reduces tax liability
- Example: qualifying salary 9,700 NIS/month × 7% = 679 NIS/month contribution. Tax credit: 679 × 35% = 238 NIS/month tax reduction (~2,852 NIS/year)
- Contributions above 679 NIS/month earn deduction, not credit, up to the further deduction ceiling
Tax Deduction (Nikui Mas)
- Employer's pension contribution is not taxed as income for the employee
- Up to 7.5% of salary (combined pension + severance)
- Reduces taxable income, not tax directly
- Benefit depends on marginal tax rate
Self-Employed Tax Benefits
Mandatory Pension Obligation (2016 Law)
Contribution Rates
- 4.45% on net taxable income up to 6,884.50 NIS/month (half average wage)
- 12.55% on income from 6,884.50 to 13,769 NIS/month (full average wage)
- No obligation on income above full average wage
- Maximum annual mandatory obligation: ~14,044 NIS
- Obligation applies between age 21 and legal retirement age
- The first calendar year of עוסק activity is exempt
- Calculated on net taxable income (after deductions), not gross revenue
Tax Benefit Rates on Voluntary Pension Contributions
- First 5.5% of qualifying income: Tax credit at 35% (up to 12,804 NIS/year)
- Additional 11% of qualifying income: Tax deduction (up to 25,608 NIS/year)
- Maximum deductible pension contribution: 38,412 NIS/year (16.5% of income up to 232,800 NIS)
- Qualifying income ceiling for pension: 232,800 NIS/year (19,400 NIS/month, 2026)
Keren Hishtalmut
- Tax deduction: up to 13,203 NIS/year (4.5% of income up to 293,397 NIS)
- Profit-exempt ceiling: 20,566 NIS/year
- Gains tax-free after 6 years
Universal Benefits
Keren Hishtalmut Gains
- After 6-year lock-in: ALL gains are tax-free
- No capital gains tax on withdrawal
- This is unique to the Israeli tax system
- For employees: both employee and employer portions, up to the salary cap
- 2024 Treasury proposal to limit this benefit has not been enacted as of May 2026; monitor for renewed legislative activity
Pension Payout Tax Exemption (Tikun 190 schedule)
- Monthly pension partially tax-exempt under Amendment 190 to the Income Tax Ordinance (2012)
- 2026 exemption rate: 57.5% (rising to 62.5% in 2027, 67% from 2028)
- Tax-free amount: up to 5,422 NIS/month pension income (2026)
- Qualifying pension threshold (kitzbah mezakah): 9,430 NIS/month
- Tax-exempt severance ceiling: 13,750 NIS per year of service (2026)
Tikun 190 Deposits (post-60 tax shelter)
The other half of Amendment 190: lets pensioners 60+ with a qualifying kitzbah deposit any amount into a kupat gemel le-kitzbah with dramatic tax improvement.
- Eligibility: Age 60+ AND already drawing kitzbah of at least the minimum threshold (~5,012 NIS/month in 2026)
- No annual or lifetime deposit cap
- Withdrawal as monthly kitzbah: Fully exempt from income tax for life
- Withdrawal as lump sum: 15% tax on the real (CPI-adjusted) GAIN only; principal not taxed
- Standard use cases: severance at retirement, sale of business proceeds, retirement bonus, inheritance, excess liquid savings
- Comparison: A 1M NIS deposit drawn as lump sum after 10 years (50% real gain = 500K) pays 15% × 500K = 75K NIS tax; the same money in a brokerage account would pay marginal rate (up to 47%) on the gain
- Estate planning: Funds pass to designated beneficiaries under fund rules
- PFIC caveat: US persons should consult a tax professional; kupot gemel may be PFICs under US tax law
Heichum Kitzbah (the other use of "Tikun 190")
- The same 2012 amendment introduced the heichum kitzbah mechanism that links severance withdrawal to the future kitzbah-mezakah exemption pool
- Each shekel of tax-exempt severance withdrawn within 32 years before retirement reduces the lifetime kitzbah-mezakah pool by 1.35 shekels
- Lifetime kitzbah-mezakah pool ≈ 32 years × 180% × kitzbah mezakah (currently ~1.5M NIS for a 2026 retiree)
- Withdrawals outside the 32-year window have no impact
Section 14 (Severance Arrangement, Severance Pay Law 1963)
- Employer ongoing contributions at 8.33% of salary satisfy full severance obligation
- Employee keeps accumulated pension even if terminated
- Employer released from additional severance payment in the fully-funded sub-case only
- Four sub-cases under the General Approval of 30 June 1998: full coverage; partial-salary coverage; delayed start (employer owes gap at final salary); collective-agreement variants
- Mandatory pension law requires only 6% for severance component; the 2.33% gap (8.33% - 6%) is the employer's exposure in the partially-funded sub-cases, calculated at final salary
Tax Optimization Tips
1. Maximize keren hishtalmut contributions (best tax-free vehicle) 2. Ensure pension contributions reach the tax credit ceiling 3. Self-employed: maximize deductible pension contributions 4. Review management fees (even 0.5% difference compounds significantly) 5. Consider Tikun 190 deposits at age 60+ for any lump-sum windfall (severance, inheritance, sale of business) 6. Time severance withdrawal carefully: heichum kitzbah penalty is zero outside the 32-year window
#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Calculate Israeli pension contributions and projections.
Computes mandatory pension contributions, keren hishtalmut benefits,
and basic retirement savings projections based on 2026 Israeli rates.
Usage:
python scripts/calculate_pension.py --salary 20000
python scripts/calculate_pension.py --salary 20000 --hishtalmut
python scripts/calculate_pension.py --salary 15000 --self-employed
python scripts/calculate_pension.py --example
"""
import sys
import argparse
from dataclasses import dataclass
PENSION_EMPLOYEE = 0.06 # 6%
PENSION_EMPLOYER = 0.065 # 6.5%
PENSION_SEVERANCE = 0.06 # 6%
HISHTALMUT_EMPLOYEE = 0.025 # 2.5%
HISHTALMUT_EMPLOYER = 0.075 # 7.5%
SELF_PENSION_LOW_RATE = 0.0445
SELF_PENSION_HIGH_RATE = 0.1255
SELF_HISHTALMUT_MAX = 20566 # Tax-free profit ceiling (2026)
SELF_HISHTALMUT_DEDUCT = 13203 # Tax deduction ceiling (2026)
AVG_WAGE = 13769 # Average wage 2026 (BL §2 definition)
COMPREHENSIVE_FUND_INSURABLE_SALARY_MAX = 2 * AVG_WAGE # 27,538: hard cap, not back-calculated
COMPREHENSIVE_FUND_DEPOSIT_MAX = 5645 # Monthly deposit ceiling 2026 (20.5% of 2x avg wage)
HISHTALMUT_TAX_FREE_SALARY_CAP = 15712 # Monthly salary cap for tax-free employer hishtalmut (2026)
@dataclass
class PensionBreakdown:
"""Monthly pension contribution breakdown."""
gross_salary: float
insurable_salary: float
employee_pension: float
employer_pension: float
employer_severance: float
total_pension: float
employee_hishtalmut: float
employer_hishtalmut: float
employer_hishtalmut_tax_free: float
employer_hishtalmut_taxable: float
total_hishtalmut: float
total_monthly_savings: float
annual_savings: float
def calculate_pension_contributions(
monthly_salary: float,
include_hishtalmut: bool = False,
) -> PensionBreakdown:
"""Calculate monthly pension and savings contributions.
Uses the real comprehensive-fund insurable salary cap (2x average wage),
and enforces the 15,712 NIS hishtalmut tax-free salary ceiling.
"""
insurable = min(monthly_salary, COMPREHENSIVE_FUND_INSURABLE_SALARY_MAX)
employee_pension = round(insurable * PENSION_EMPLOYEE, 2)
employer_pension = round(insurable * PENSION_EMPLOYER, 2)
employer_severance = round(insurable * PENSION_SEVERANCE, 2)
total_pension = employee_pension + employer_pension + employer_severance
employee_hish = 0.0
employer_hish = 0.0
employer_hish_tax_free = 0.0
employer_hish_taxable = 0.0
if include_hishtalmut:
employee_hish = round(monthly_salary * HISHTALMUT_EMPLOYEE, 2)
employer_hish = round(monthly_salary * HISHTALMUT_EMPLOYER, 2)
tax_free_basis = min(monthly_salary, HISHTALMUT_TAX_FREE_SALARY_CAP)
employer_hish_tax_free = round(tax_free_basis * HISHTALMUT_EMPLOYER, 2)
employer_hish_taxable = round(employer_hish - employer_hish_tax_free, 2)
total_hish = employee_hish + employer_hish
total_monthly = total_pension + total_hish
annual = round(total_monthly * 12, 2)
return PensionBreakdown(
gross_salary=monthly_salary,
insurable_salary=insurable,
employee_pension=employee_pension,
employer_pension=employer_pension,
employer_severance=employer_severance,
total_pension=total_pension,
employee_hishtalmut=employee_hish,
employer_hishtalmut=employer_hish,
employer_hishtalmut_tax_free=employer_hish_tax_free,
employer_hishtalmut_taxable=employer_hish_taxable,
total_hishtalmut=total_hish,
total_monthly_savings=total_monthly,
annual_savings=annual,
)
def project_retirement(
monthly_salary: float,
current_age: int,
gender: str = "male",
retirement_age: float = None,
annual_return: float = 0.04,
existing_balance: float = 0,
) -> dict:
"""Project retirement savings based on current contributions.
Uses realistic mekadem hamara annuity factors approximated from
industry tables (male 67: ~205; female age 63y3m in 2026: ~230).
These are approximations; real fund-specific factors vary by track
and survivor coverage.
Female retirement age in 2026 defaults to 63.25 (63 years 3 months);
the year-of-birth schedule means the actual age may differ by cohort.
"""
if retirement_age is None:
retirement_age = 67 if gender == "male" else 63.25
years = retirement_age - current_age
if years <= 0:
return {"error": "Already at or past retirement age"}
insurable = min(monthly_salary, COMPREHENSIVE_FUND_INSURABLE_SALARY_MAX)
monthly_contribution = insurable * (PENSION_EMPLOYEE + PENSION_EMPLOYER + PENSION_SEVERANCE)
monthly_return = (1 + annual_return) ** (1 / 12) - 1
balance = existing_balance
n_months = int(round(years * 12))
for _ in range(n_months):
balance = balance * (1 + monthly_return) + monthly_contribution
if gender == "male":
mekadem = 205.0 # ~17 years
else:
mekadem = 230.0 # ~19 years; women have longer life expectancy + earlier retirement
monthly_pension_gross = balance / mekadem if mekadem > 0 else 0
KITZBAH_MEZAKAH_2026 = 9430.0
EXEMPT_RATIO_2026 = 0.575
exempt_amount = KITZBAH_MEZAKAH_2026 * EXEMPT_RATIO_2026
taxable_amount = max(0.0, monthly_pension_gross - exempt_amount)
monthly_pension_net = monthly_pension_gross - taxable_amount * 0.31
return {
"years_to_retirement": round(years, 2),
"monthly_contribution": round(monthly_contribution, 2),
"projected_balance": round(balance, 2),
"estimated_monthly_pension_gross": round(monthly_pension_gross, 2),
"estimated_monthly_pension_net_est": round(monthly_pension_net, 2),
"assumptions": (
f"{annual_return*100:.1f}% annual real return; retirement at age "
f"{retirement_age}; mekadem hamara ~{mekadem:.0f}; tax estimated at 31% "
f"marginal on the portion above the 2026 exempt amount ({exempt_amount:,.0f} NIS)."
),
}
def format_breakdown(breakdown: PensionBreakdown) -> str:
lines = [
"=== Israeli Pension Contributions (2026) ===",
"",
f" Gross Salary: {breakdown.gross_salary:>10,.2f} NIS/month",
f" Insurable Salary (capped): {breakdown.insurable_salary:>10,.2f} NIS/month",
]
if breakdown.insurable_salary < breakdown.gross_salary:
lines.append(
f" Note: salary above 2x avg wage ({COMPREHENSIVE_FUND_INSURABLE_SALARY_MAX:,} NIS) "
"routes to a supplementary fund."
)
lines.extend([
"",
" --- Pension (Keren Pensia) ---",
f" Employee (6%): {breakdown.employee_pension:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Employer Pension (6.5%): {breakdown.employer_pension:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Employer Severance (6%): {breakdown.employer_severance:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Total Pension: {breakdown.total_pension:>10,.2f} NIS/month",
])
if breakdown.total_hishtalmut > 0:
lines.extend([
"",
" --- Keren Hishtalmut ---",
f" Employee (2.5%): {breakdown.employee_hishtalmut:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Employer (7.5%): {breakdown.employer_hishtalmut:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Tax-free portion: {breakdown.employer_hishtalmut_tax_free:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Taxable portion: {breakdown.employer_hishtalmut_taxable:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Total Hishtalmut: {breakdown.total_hishtalmut:>10,.2f} NIS/month",
])
if breakdown.employer_hishtalmut_taxable > 0:
lines.append(
f" Note: employer contribution on salary above "
f"{HISHTALMUT_TAX_FREE_SALARY_CAP:,} NIS is taxable to the employee."
)
lines.extend([
"",
f" Total Monthly Savings: {breakdown.total_monthly_savings:>10,.2f} NIS",
f" Total Annual Savings: {breakdown.annual_savings:>10,.2f} NIS",
"",
" NOTE: Consult a licensed pension advisor (yoetz pensioni)",
" for personalized recommendations.",
])
return "\n".join(lines)
def main():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Calculate Israeli pension contributions (2026 rates)"
)
parser.add_argument("--salary", type=float, help="Monthly gross salary in NIS")
parser.add_argument(
"--hishtalmut", action="store_true",
help="Include keren hishtalmut calculation (with 15,712 NIS salary cap)"
)
parser.add_argument(
"--self-employed", action="store_true",
help="Calculate for self-employed (atzmai); first business year is exempt"
)
parser.add_argument(
"--project", action="store_true",
help="Include retirement projection (with realistic mekadem hamara)"
)
parser.add_argument("--age", type=int, default=30, help="Current age for projection")
parser.add_argument(
"--female", action="store_true",
help="Use female retirement age (63.25 in 2026, rising to 65 by 2032; year-of-birth schedule applies)"
)
parser.add_argument(
"--first-business-year", action="store_true",
help="Apply self-employed first-year exemption (no mandatory pension obligation)"
)
parser.add_argument(
"--example", action="store_true", help="Show example calculation"
)
args = parser.parse_args()
if args.example:
print("Example: 20,000 NIS salary with keren hishtalmut (2026 rates)")
print()
breakdown = calculate_pension_contributions(20000, include_hishtalmut=True)
print(format_breakdown(breakdown))
print()
print(" --- Retirement Projection (age 30, male, to 67) ---")
projection = project_retirement(20000, 30)
print(f" Monthly contribution: {projection['monthly_contribution']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Projected balance at 67: {projection['projected_balance']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Est. monthly pension (gross):{projection['estimated_monthly_pension_gross']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Est. monthly pension (net): {projection['estimated_monthly_pension_net_est']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Assumptions: {projection['assumptions']}")
return
if args.salary is None:
parser.print_help()
sys.exit(1)
gender = "female" if args.female else "male"
if args.self_employed:
annual_income = args.salary * 12
if args.first_business_year:
mandatory = 0.0
note_first_year = (
" Note: first calendar year of business is exempt from mandatory pension.\n"
)
else:
half_avg = AVG_WAGE / 2
if args.salary <= half_avg:
mandatory = args.salary * SELF_PENSION_LOW_RATE
elif args.salary <= AVG_WAGE:
mandatory = (
half_avg * SELF_PENSION_LOW_RATE
+ (args.salary - half_avg) * SELF_PENSION_HIGH_RATE
)
else:
mandatory = (
half_avg * SELF_PENSION_LOW_RATE
+ half_avg * SELF_PENSION_HIGH_RATE
)
note_first_year = ""
print("=== Self-Employed Pension (2026) ===")
print()
print(f" Monthly Income: {args.salary:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Annual Income: {annual_income:>10,.2f} NIS")
print()
print(f" Mandatory Pension (monthly): {mandatory:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Mandatory Pension (annual): {mandatory * 12:>10,.2f} NIS")
if note_first_year:
print()
print(note_first_year, end="")
if args.salary > AVG_WAGE and not args.first_business_year:
print(
f" Note: income above full average wage ({AVG_WAGE:,} NIS/month) "
"carries no additional mandatory obligation."
)
print()
print(" Keren Hishtalmut (two separate ceilings):")
print(f" Tax deduction ceiling: {SELF_HISHTALMUT_DEDUCT:>10,} NIS/year")
print(f" Profit-exempt ceiling: {SELF_HISHTALMUT_MAX:>10,} NIS/year")
print()
print(" Obligation applies between age 21 and legal retirement age.")
print(" NOTE: Consult a licensed pension advisor (yoetz pensioni)")
print(" for personalized recommendations.")
return
breakdown = calculate_pension_contributions(args.salary, args.hishtalmut)
print(format_breakdown(breakdown))
if args.project:
retirement_age = 63.25 if args.female else 67
print()
print(f" --- Retirement Projection (age {args.age} -> {retirement_age}, {gender}) ---")
projection = project_retirement(args.salary, args.age, gender=gender)
if "error" in projection:
print(f" {projection['error']}")
else:
print(f" Monthly contribution: {projection['monthly_contribution']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Projected balance: {projection['projected_balance']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Est. monthly pension (gross): {projection['estimated_monthly_pension_gross']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Est. monthly pension (net): {projection['estimated_monthly_pension_net_est']:>10,.2f} NIS")
print(f" Assumptions: {projection['assumptions']}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Related skills
FAQ
What does israeli-pension-advisor do?
israeli-pension-advisor is a niche agent skill for Israeli developers, freelancers, and micro-SaaS operators who must reason about pension deposits without treating chat output as tax law.
When should I use israeli-pension-advisor?
When you need to answer Israeli pension deposit ceilings, self-employed brackets, and fund-type questions with claim-backed numbers for 2026 planning., or when israeli-pension-advisor is a niche agent skill for israeli developers, freelancers, and micro-saas operators who must
What are the main capabilities?
Structured claims registry with source URLs, snippets, and fetch dates for auditability; 2026 average wage (sakhar memutza) anchored at 13,769 NIS/month per published BL references in skill metadata; Comprehensive pension fund monthly deposit ceiling documented at 5,645 NIS/month
Is Israeli Pension Advisor safe to install?
skills.sh reports 3 of 3 security scanners passed. Review the Security Audits panel on this page before installing in production.