Byted Tos Video Process

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tos

# Copyright (c) 2025 Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

import json
import os
import time
import urllib.request
import urllib.error
from typing import Optional

import tos


class TOSJobsClient:
    def __init__(self, ak: str, sk: str, endpoint: str, region: str, bucket: str):
        self.bucket = bucket
        self.region = region
        self.client = tos.TosClientV2(ak, sk, endpoint, region)

    def _signed_request(
        self, method: str, query: dict, body: Optional[bytes] = None
    ) -> dict:
        url_out = self.client.pre_signed_url(
            tos.HttpMethodType.Http_Method_Post
            if method == "POST"
            else tos.HttpMethodType.Http_Method_Get,
            self.bucket,
            "",
            expires=900,
            query=query,
        )
        req = urllib.request.Request(
            url_out.signed_url,
            data=body,
            method=method,
        )
        for k, v in url_out.signed_header.items():
            req.add_header(k, v)
        if body is not None:
            req.add_header("Content-Type", "application/json")
        try:
            with urllib.request.urlopen(req) as resp:
                data = resp.read()
                return json.loads(data)
        except urllib.error.HTTPError as e:
            body_text = e.read().decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
            raise RuntimeError(f"HTTP {e.code}: {body_text}") from e

    def create_job(self, job_category: str, job_type: str, job_detail: dict) -> dict:
        query = {job_category: "", "job_type": job_type}
        body = json.dumps(job_detail).encode("utf-8")
        return self._signed_request("POST", query, body)

    def get_job(
        self, job_type: str, job_id: str, job_category: str = "media_jobs"
    ) -> dict:
        query = {job_category: "", "job_type": job_type, "job_id": job_id}
        return self._signed_request("GET", query)

    def wait_for_job(
        self,
        job_type: str,
        job_id: str,
        timeout: int = 300,
        interval: int = 5,
        job_category: str = "media_jobs",
    ) -> dict:
        deadline = time.time() + timeout
        while time.time() < deadline:
            result = self.get_job(job_type, job_id, job_category=job_category)
            items = result.get("Items", [])
            if items:
                item = items[0]
            else:
                item = result
            state = item.get("State", "")
            if state in ("Success", "Failed"):
                return item
            time.sleep(interval)
        raise TimeoutError(f"Job {job_id} did not complete within {timeout}s")


def get_env(name: str) -> str:
    val = os.environ.get(name, "")
    if not val:
        raise ValueError(f"Environment variable {name} is required")
    return val


def create_client_from_env() -> TOSJobsClient:
    return TOSJobsClient(
        ak=get_env("TOS_ACCESS_KEY"),
        sk=get_env("TOS_SECRET_KEY"),
        endpoint=get_env("TOS_ENDPOINT"),
        region=get_env("TOS_REGION"),
        bucket=get_env("TOS_BUCKET"),
    )

# Copyright (c) 2025 Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
import argparse
import json
import os
import sys

sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(__file__))

from tos_jobs_client import create_client_from_env


JOB_TYPE = "Concat"
JOB_CATEGORY = "media_jobs"


def build_concat_detail(
    first_object: str,
    fragments: list,
    output_bucket: str,
    output_object: str,
    region: str,
    container_format: str = "mp4",
    video_codec: str = "h264",
    audio_codec: str = "aac",
) -> dict:
    concat_fragments = [{"Object": f} for f in fragments]

    return {
        "Input": {"Object": first_object},
        "ConcatConfig": {
            "ConcatFragments": concat_fragments,
            "Container": {"Format": container_format},
            "Video": {"Codec": video_codec},
            "Audio": {"Codec": audio_codec},
        },
        "Output": {
            "Region": region,
            "Bucket": output_bucket,
            "Object": output_object,
        },
    }


def fail(message: str) -> None:
    print(f"[ERROR] {message}", file=sys.stderr)
    sys.exit(1)


def emit(payload: dict, json_only: bool, heading=None) -> None:
    if json_only:
        print(json.dumps(payload, ensure_ascii=False))
        return
    if heading:
        print(heading)
    print(json.dumps(payload, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))


def parse_args() -> argparse.Namespace:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Concatenate video clips via TOS media_jobs API"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--key", help="First video fragment object key (required)")
    parser.add_argument("--bucket", help="TOS bucket name (default: TOS_BUCKET env)")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--fragments", help="Subsequent video fragment object keys, comma-separated"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output-key", dest="output_key", help="Deprecated alias of --saveas-object"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output-bucket",
        dest="output_bucket",
        help="Deprecated alias of --saveas-bucket",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--saveas-object", help="Output object key (default: <key>_concat.mp4)"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--saveas-bucket", help="Output bucket (default: same as source)"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--format", default="mp4", help="Output container format (default: mp4)"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--video-codec", default="h264", help="Video codec (default: h264)"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--audio-codec", default="aac", help="Audio codec (default: aac)"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--wait", action="store_true", help="Wait for job completion")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--timeout",
        type=int,
        default=600,
        help="Max wait time in seconds (default: 600)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--poll-interval",
        type=int,
        default=5,
        help="Poll interval in seconds (default: 5)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--job-id", help="Query an existing job instead of creating a new one"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--validate", action="store_true", help="Validate arguments and payload only"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--dry-run", action="store_true", help="Print resolved payload and exit"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--json", action="store_true", help="Print machine-readable JSON only"
    )
    return parser.parse_args()


def main():
    args = parse_args()

    bucket = args.bucket or os.environ.get("TOS_BUCKET", "")
    if not bucket:
        fail("--bucket or TOS_BUCKET env is required")

    region = os.environ.get("TOS_REGION", "")
    if not region:
        fail("TOS_REGION env is required")

    client = create_client_from_env()
    client.bucket = bucket
    client.region = region

    if args.job_id:
        result = client.get_job(JOB_TYPE, args.job_id, job_category=JOB_CATEGORY)
        emit(
            {
                "ok": True,
                "operation": "video_concat_query",
                "bucket": bucket,
                "job_id": args.job_id,
                "job_type": JOB_TYPE,
                "job_category": JOB_CATEGORY,
                "result": result,
            },
            args.json,
            "[OK] Job query result:",
        )
        return

    key = args.key
    if not key:
        fail("--key is required")

    fragments = []
    if args.fragments:
        fragments = [f.strip() for f in args.fragments.split(",") if f.strip()]

    output_bucket = args.saveas_bucket or args.output_bucket or bucket
    output_key = (
        args.saveas_object
        or args.output_key
        or key.rsplit(".", 1)[0] + "_concat." + args.format
    )

    detail = build_concat_detail(
        first_object=key,
        fragments=fragments,
        output_bucket=output_bucket,
        output_object=output_key,
        region=region,
        container_format=args.format,
        video_codec=args.video_codec,
        audio_codec=args.audio_codec,
    )

    plan = {
        "ok": True,
        "operation": "video_concat",
        "bucket": bucket,
        "key": key,
        "fragments": fragments,
        "saveas_bucket": output_bucket,
        "saveas_object": output_key,
        "job_type": JOB_TYPE,
        "job_category": JOB_CATEGORY,
        "detail": detail,
    }

    if args.validate or args.dry_run:
        emit(plan, args.json, "[OK] Resolved request:")
        return

    if not args.json:
        all_clips = [key] + fragments
        print(
            f"[INFO] Creating Concat job: {' + '.join(all_clips)} -> {output_bucket}/{output_key}"
        )
    resp = client.create_job(JOB_CATEGORY, JOB_TYPE, detail)

    job_id = resp.get("JobId", "")
    if not job_id:
        fail(f"No JobId in response: {resp}")

    result_payload = {
        **plan,
        "job_id": job_id,
        "create_response": resp,
    }

    if args.wait:
        if not args.json:
            print(f"[INFO] Waiting for job completion (timeout={args.timeout}s)...")
        result = client.wait_for_job(
            JOB_TYPE,
            job_id,
            timeout=args.timeout,
            interval=args.poll_interval,
            job_category=JOB_CATEGORY,
        )
        result_payload["final_result"] = result
        result_payload["state"] = result.get("State", "Unknown")
        emit(result_payload, args.json, "[OK] Video concatenation result:")
        if result_payload["state"] != "Success":
            sys.exit(1)
        return

    emit(result_payload, args.json, "[OK] Job created:")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Copyright (c) 2025 Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Example script: get video information from TOS using the Python SDK.

Reads configuration from environment variables and/or CLI arguments and calls the
`videoInfo` operation by issuing a `get_object` request with `process="video/info"`.

Environment variables:
  - TOS_ACCESS_KEY        Access key ID (AK) or STS AccessKeyId
  - TOS_SECRET_KEY        Secret access key (SK) or STS SecretAccessKey
  - TOS_SECURITY_TOKEN    (optional) STS session token
  - TOS_ENDPOINT          TOS endpoint, e.g. https://tos-cn-beijing.volces.com
  - TOS_REGION            TOS region, e.g. cn-beijing
  - TOS_BUCKET            Bucket name that stores the video
  - TOS_OBJECT_KEY        Object key of the video file in the bucket
"""

import argparse
import json
import os
import sys
from typing import Optional

import tos
from tos.exceptions import TosClientError, TosServerError


def get_env(name: str, required: bool = True, default: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    """Read an environment variable or exit with an error if required and missing."""
    value = os.getenv(name, default)
    if required and not value:
        print(f"[ERROR] Environment variable {name} is required.", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    return value  # type: ignore[return-value]


def create_client() -> tos.TosClientV2:
    """Initialize a TosClientV2 using AK/SK (and optional STS token)."""
    ak = get_env("TOS_ACCESS_KEY")
    sk = get_env("TOS_SECRET_KEY")
    endpoint = get_env("TOS_ENDPOINT")
    region = get_env("TOS_REGION")
    security_token = os.getenv("TOS_SECURITY_TOKEN")

    return tos.TosClientV2(
        ak=ak,
        sk=sk,
        endpoint=endpoint,
        region=region,
        security_token=security_token,
    )


def main() -> None:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Get video info via TOS process=video/info")
    parser.add_argument("--bucket", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_BUCKET")
    parser.add_argument("--key", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_OBJECT_KEY")
    parser.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="Print machine-readable JSON only")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    client = create_client()
    bucket = args.bucket or get_env("TOS_BUCKET")
    key = args.key or get_env("TOS_OBJECT_KEY")

    if not args.json:
        print(f"[INFO] Requesting video info for {bucket}/{key} ...")

    try:
        output = client.get_object(bucket, key, process="video/info")
        raw = output.read()
    except TosServerError as e:
        print(
            f"[ERROR] TOS server error: code={e.code}, status={e.status_code}, "
            f"request_id={e.request_id}, message={e.message}",
            file=sys.stderr,
        )
        sys.exit(1)
    except TosClientError as e:
        print(f"[ERROR] TOS client error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
        print(f"[ERROR] Unexpected error: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    try:
        text = raw.decode("utf-8")
        data = json.loads(text)
    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
        print("[ERROR] Failed to parse response as JSON:", file=sys.stderr)
        print(exc, file=sys.stderr)
        print(raw[:200], file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    if args.json:
        print(
            json.dumps(
                {
                    "ok": True,
                    "operation": "video_info",
                    "bucket": bucket,
                    "key": key,
                    "process": "video/info",
                    "result": data,
                },
                ensure_ascii=False,
            )
        )
        return

    print("[OK] Video info:")
    print(json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Copyright (c) 2025 Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Example script: take a single snapshot from a TOS video using the Python SDK.

Reads configuration from environment variables and optional CLI args,
constructs a `process="video/snapshot,..."` rule string, and either:
  - saves the returned image locally (default), or
  - if `--saveas-bucket`/`--saveas-object` is provided, lets TOS persist
    the snapshot to the specified object and prints the JSON result.
"""

import argparse
import base64
import json
import os
import sys
from typing import Any, Optional

import tos
from tos.exceptions import TosClientError, TosServerError


def get_env(name: str, required: bool = True, default: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    value = os.getenv(name, default)
    if required and not value:
        print(f"[ERROR] Environment variable {name} is required.", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    return value  # type: ignore[return-value]


def create_client() -> tos.TosClientV2:
    ak = get_env("TOS_ACCESS_KEY")
    sk = get_env("TOS_SECRET_KEY")
    endpoint = get_env("TOS_ENDPOINT")
    region = get_env("TOS_REGION")
    security_token = os.getenv("TOS_SECURITY_TOKEN")

    return tos.TosClientV2(
        ak=ak,
        sk=sk,
        endpoint=endpoint,
        region=region,
        security_token=security_token,
    )


def build_process_rule(args: argparse.Namespace) -> str:
    parts: list[str] = []
    if args.time is not None:
        parts.append(f"t_{args.time}")
    if args.width is not None:
        parts.append(f"w_{args.width}")
    if args.height is not None:
        parts.append(f"h_{args.height}")
    if args.mode:
        parts.append(f"m_{args.mode}")
    if args.output_format:
        parts.append(f"f_{args.output_format}")
    if args.auto_rotate:
        parts.append(f"ar_{args.auto_rotate}")
    if parts:
        return "video/snapshot," + ",".join(parts)
    return "video/snapshot"


def main() -> None:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Take a single video snapshot using the TOS Python SDK",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--bucket", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_BUCKET")
    parser.add_argument("--key", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_OBJECT_KEY")
    parser.add_argument("--time", type=int, help="Snapshot time in milliseconds")
    parser.add_argument("--width", type=int, help="Snapshot width in pixels")
    parser.add_argument("--height", type=int, help="Snapshot height in pixels")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--mode",
        type=str,
        choices=["fast"],
        help="Snapshot mode: fast or precise (default precise)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output-format",
        dest="output_format",
        choices=["jpg", "png"],
        help="Output image format",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output",
        type=str,
        default=None,
        help="Local output file (default: snapshot_<time>ms.<fmt>)",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--saveas-bucket",
        type=str,
        help="If set, persist snapshot to this bucket instead of saving locally",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--saveas-object",
        type=str,
        help="If set, persist snapshot as this object key instead of saving locally",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--auto-rotate",
        dest="auto_rotate",
        choices=["auto", "w", "h"],
        help="Auto rotate mode",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="Print machine-readable JSON only")
    parser.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true", help="Print resolved request and exit")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    bucket = args.bucket or get_env("TOS_BUCKET")
    key = args.key or get_env("TOS_OBJECT_KEY")
    process_value = build_process_rule(args)

    saveas_bucket = args.saveas_bucket or os.getenv("TOS_SAVEAS_BUCKET")
    saveas_object = args.saveas_object or os.getenv("TOS_SAVEAS_OBJECT")
    persist_to_tos = bool(saveas_bucket or saveas_object)

    time_part: Any = args.time if args.time is not None else "0"
    fmt = args.output_format or "jpg"

    if persist_to_tos:
        resolved_bucket = saveas_bucket or bucket
        resolved_object = saveas_object or f"snapshot_{time_part}ms.{fmt}"
        resolved_output = None
    else:
        resolved_bucket = None
        resolved_object = None
        resolved_output = args.output or f"snapshot_{time_part}ms.{fmt}"

    if args.dry_run:
        payload = {
            "ok": True,
            "operation": "video_snapshot",
            "bucket": bucket,
            "key": key,
            "process": process_value,
            "mode": "save_to_tos" if persist_to_tos else "save_local",
            "output_path": resolved_output,
            "saveas_bucket": resolved_bucket,
            "saveas_object": resolved_object,
        }
        if args.json:
            print(json.dumps(payload, ensure_ascii=False))
        else:
            print(json.dumps(payload, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))
        return

    client = create_client()

    if persist_to_tos:
        if not args.json:
            print(
                f"[INFO] Requesting snapshot for {bucket}/{key} -> {resolved_bucket}/{resolved_object}",
            )
            print(f"[INFO] process = {process_value}")

        try:
            encoded_bucket = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(resolved_bucket.encode()).decode()
            encoded_object = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(resolved_object.encode()).decode()
            output = client.get_object(
                bucket=bucket,
                key=key,
                process=process_value,
                save_bucket=encoded_bucket,
                save_object=encoded_object,
            )
            raw = output.read()
        except TosServerError as e:
            print(
                f"[ERROR] TOS server error: code={e.code}, status={e.status_code}, "
                f"request_id={e.request_id}, message={e.message}",
                file=sys.stderr,
            )
            sys.exit(1)
        except TosClientError as e:
            print(f"[ERROR] TOS client error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)
        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
            print(f"[ERROR] Unexpected error: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)

        try:
            data = json.loads(raw.decode("utf-8"))
        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
            print(
                "[ERROR] Failed to parse snapshot save result as JSON:", file=sys.stderr
            )
            print(exc, file=sys.stderr)
            print(raw[:200], file=sys.stderr)
            sys.exit(1)

        if args.json:
            print(
                json.dumps(
                    {
                        "ok": True,
                        "operation": "video_snapshot",
                        "bucket": bucket,
                        "key": key,
                        "process": process_value,
                        "mode": "save_to_tos",
                        "saveas_bucket": resolved_bucket,
                        "saveas_object": resolved_object,
                        "result": data,
                    },
                    ensure_ascii=False,
                )
            )
            return

        print("[OK] Snapshot saved to TOS:")
        print(json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))
        return

    if not args.json:
        print(f"[INFO] Requesting snapshot for {bucket}/{key} -> {resolved_output}")
        print(f"[INFO] process = {process_value}")

    try:
        client.get_object_to_file(
            bucket=bucket,
            key=key,
            file_path=resolved_output,
            process=process_value,
        )
    except TosServerError as e:
        print(
            f"[ERROR] TOS server error: code={e.code}, status={e.status_code}, "
            f"request_id={e.request_id}, message={e.message}",
            file=sys.stderr,
        )
        sys.exit(1)
    except TosClientError as e:
        print(f"[ERROR] TOS client error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
        print(f"[ERROR] Unexpected error: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    try:
        size = os.path.getsize(resolved_output)
    except OSError:
        size = -1

    if args.json:
        print(
            json.dumps(
                {
                    "ok": True,
                    "operation": "video_snapshot",
                    "bucket": bucket,
                    "key": key,
                    "process": process_value,
                    "mode": "save_local",
                    "output_path": resolved_output,
                    "size": size,
                },
                ensure_ascii=False,
            )
        )
        return

    print(f"[OK] Snapshot saved to {resolved_output} ({size} bytes)")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

# Copyright (c) 2025 Beijing Volcano Engine Technology Co., Ltd. and/or its affiliates.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Example script: take multiple snapshots from a TOS video using the Python SDK.

Two modes are supported:
- Explicit timestamps:   --timestamps 1000 5000 10000
- Interval-based:        --interval-ms 5000 --duration-ms 60000 [--max-snapshots N]

Snapshots can be saved locally or directly to TOS using save-as parameters.
"""

import argparse
import base64
import json
import os
import sys
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, as_completed
from typing import List, Optional

import tos
from tos.exceptions import TosClientError, TosServerError


def get_env(name: str, required: bool = True, default: Optional[str] = None) -> str:
    value = os.getenv(name, default)
    if required and not value:
        print(f"[ERROR] Environment variable {name} is required.", file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    return value  # type: ignore[return-value]


def create_client() -> tos.TosClientV2:
    ak = get_env("TOS_ACCESS_KEY")
    sk = get_env("TOS_SECRET_KEY")
    endpoint = get_env("TOS_ENDPOINT")
    region = get_env("TOS_REGION")
    security_token = os.getenv("TOS_SECURITY_TOKEN")

    return tos.TosClientV2(
        ak=ak,
        sk=sk,
        endpoint=endpoint,
        region=region,
        security_token=security_token,
    )


def build_timestamps(args: argparse.Namespace) -> List[int]:
    if args.timestamps:
        return [int(t) for t in args.timestamps]

    if args.interval_ms and args.duration_ms:
        interval = int(args.interval_ms)
        duration = int(args.duration_ms)
        if interval <= 0 or duration <= 0:
            print(
                "[ERROR] interval-ms and duration-ms must be positive.", file=sys.stderr
            )
            sys.exit(1)
        max_snaps = int(args.max_snapshots) if args.max_snapshots else None
        timestamps: List[int] = []
        current = interval
        while current < duration:
            timestamps.append(current)
            if max_snaps is not None and len(timestamps) >= max_snaps:
                break
            current += interval
        return timestamps

    print(
        "[ERROR] Either --timestamps or (--interval-ms and --duration-ms) must be provided.",
        file=sys.stderr,
    )
    sys.exit(1)


def build_process_value(
    ts: int, width: Optional[int], height: Optional[int], fmt: Optional[str]
) -> str:
    parts = [f"t_{ts}"]
    if width is not None:
        parts.append(f"w_{width}")
    if height is not None:
        parts.append(f"h_{height}")
    if fmt:
        parts.append(f"f_{fmt}")
    return "video/snapshot," + ",".join(parts)


def do_snapshot(
    ts: int,
    client: tos.TosClientV2,
    bucket: str,
    key: str,
    width: Optional[int],
    height: Optional[int],
    fmt: Optional[str],
    save_to_tos: bool,
    saveas_bucket: Optional[str],
    saveas_prefix: Optional[str],
    output_dir: str,
) -> dict:
    process_value = build_process_value(ts, width, height, fmt)

    if save_to_tos:
        save_bucket = saveas_bucket or bucket
        prefix = (saveas_prefix or "snapshots/").rstrip("/")
        save_object = f"{prefix}/frame_{ts}ms.{fmt or 'jpg'}"
        encoded_bucket = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(save_bucket.encode()).decode()
        encoded_object = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(save_object.encode()).decode()

        try:
            output = client.get_object(
                bucket=bucket,
                key=key,
                process=process_value,
                save_bucket=encoded_bucket,
                save_object=encoded_object,
            )
            raw = output.read()
            data = json.loads(raw.decode("utf-8"))
            return {
                "ok": True,
                "timestamp_ms": ts,
                "process": process_value,
                "mode": "save_to_tos",
                "saveas_bucket": save_bucket,
                "saveas_object": save_object,
                "result": data,
            }
        except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
            return {
                "ok": False,
                "timestamp_ms": ts,
                "process": process_value,
                "mode": "save_to_tos",
                "error": str(exc),
            }

    os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True)
    output_path = os.path.join(output_dir, f"snapshot_{ts}ms.{fmt or 'jpg'}")

    try:
        client.get_object_to_file(
            bucket=bucket,
            key=key,
            file_path=output_path,
            process=process_value,
        )
        try:
            size = os.path.getsize(output_path)
        except OSError:
            size = -1
        return {
            "ok": True,
            "timestamp_ms": ts,
            "process": process_value,
            "mode": "save_local",
            "output_path": output_path,
            "size": size,
        }
    except Exception as exc:  # noqa: BLE001
        return {
            "ok": False,
            "timestamp_ms": ts,
            "process": process_value,
            "mode": "save_local",
            "output_path": output_path,
            "error": str(exc),
        }


def main() -> None:
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Take multiple video snapshots using the TOS Python SDK",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--bucket", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_BUCKET")
    parser.add_argument("--key", type=str, default=None, help="Override TOS_OBJECT_KEY")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--timestamps",
        nargs="*",
        help="Explicit timestamps in ms, e.g. 1000 5000 10000",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--interval-ms", type=int, help="Interval in ms between snapshots"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--duration-ms", type=int, help="Total video duration in ms for interval mode"
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--max-snapshots", type=int, help="Maximum number of snapshots in interval mode"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--width", type=int, help="Snapshot width in pixels")
    parser.add_argument("--height", type=int, help="Snapshot height in pixels")
    parser.add_argument(
        "--format",
        choices=["jpg", "png"],
        default="jpg",
        help="Snapshot image format",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output-dir",
        dest="output_dir",
        default="snapshots",
        help="Deprecated alias of --output",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--output",
        dest="output",
        default=None,
        help="Local directory to store snapshots",
    )
    parser.add_argument(
        "--concurrency",
        type=int,
        default=4,
        help="Number of concurrent requests",
    )
    parser.add_argument("--save-to-tos", action="store_true", help="Deprecated flag; use --saveas-bucket/--saveas-object")
    parser.add_argument("--saveas-bucket", type=str, default=None, help="Save snapshots directly to this TOS bucket")
    parser.add_argument("--saveas-object", type=str, default=None, help="Save snapshots directly to this TOS key prefix")
    parser.add_argument("--json", action="store_true", help="Print machine-readable JSON only")
    parser.add_argument("--dry-run", action="store_true", help="Print resolved request and exit")
    args = parser.parse_args()

    timestamps = build_timestamps(args)
    bucket = args.bucket or get_env("TOS_BUCKET")
    key = args.key or get_env("TOS_OBJECT_KEY")
    output_dir = args.output or args.output_dir
    saveas_bucket = args.saveas_bucket or os.getenv("TOS_SAVEAS_BUCKET")
    saveas_prefix = args.saveas_object or os.getenv("TOS_SAVEAS_OBJECT_PREFIX")
    save_to_tos = args.save_to_tos or bool(saveas_bucket or saveas_prefix)

    plan = {
        "ok": True,
        "operation": "video_snapshots",
        "bucket": bucket,
        "key": key,
        "timestamps": timestamps,
        "format": args.format,
        "concurrency": args.concurrency,
        "mode": "save_to_tos" if save_to_tos else "save_local",
        "output": None if save_to_tos else output_dir,
        "saveas_bucket": saveas_bucket if save_to_tos else None,
        "saveas_object": saveas_prefix if save_to_tos else None,
    }

    if args.dry_run:
        if args.json:
            print(json.dumps(plan, ensure_ascii=False))
        else:
            print(json.dumps(plan, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False))
        return

    client = create_client()

    if not args.json:
        print(f"[INFO] Planning snapshots at timestamps (ms): {timestamps}")
        print(f"[INFO] Concurrency: {args.concurrency}, save_to_tos={save_to_tos}")

    results = []
    with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=args.concurrency) as executor:
        futures = [
            executor.submit(
                do_snapshot,
                ts,
                client,
                bucket,
                key,
                args.width,
                args.height,
                args.format,
                save_to_tos,
                saveas_bucket,
                saveas_prefix,
                output_dir,
            )
            for ts in timestamps
        ]

        for future in as_completed(futures):
            result = future.result()
            results.append(result)
            if not args.json:
                if result.get("ok"):
                    if result["mode"] == "save_to_tos":
                        print(f"[OK] ts={result['timestamp_ms']}ms saved to TOS: {result['saveas_bucket']}/{result['saveas_object']}")
                    else:
                        print(f"[OK] ts={result['timestamp_ms']}ms saved locally to {result['output_path']} ({result['size']} bytes)")
                else:
                    print(f"[ERROR] ts={result['timestamp_ms']}ms failed: {result['error']}")

    if args.json:
        print(
            json.dumps(
                {
                    **plan,
                    "results": sorted(results, key=lambda item: item["timestamp_ms"]),
                },
                ensure_ascii=False,
            )
        )


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()