Venue Templates

% NIH Specific Aims Page Template
% THE MOST CRITICAL PAGE OF YOUR NIH PROPOSAL
% 1 page maximum - strictly enforced
% Last updated: 2024

\documentclass[11pt,letterpaper]{article}

% Formatting
\usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}  % 0.5 inch minimum margins
\usepackage{helvet}  % Arial-like font
\renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault}

\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{soul}  % For highlighting (remove in final version)

% Remove page numbers (optional)
\pagestyle{empty}

\begin{document}

% Optional: Highlight template text to remind yourself to replace
% Remove \hl{} and color in final version
\definecolor{highlight}{RGB}{255,255,200}
\sethlcolor{highlight}

% ====================
% SPECIFIC AIMS PAGE
% ====================

\begin{center}
\textbf{\large Your Project Title Here: Concise and Descriptive}
\end{center}

\vspace{0.3cm}

% OPENING PARAGRAPH: The Hook and Gap
% 2-3 sentences establishing significance and the knowledge gap

\textbf{[Disease/condition]} affects \textbf{[number]} people worldwide and results in \textbf{[burden: mortality, morbidity, cost]}. \textbf{[Current treatment/understanding]} has improved outcomes, but \textbf{[limitation/gap]} remains a critical barrier to \textbf{[desired outcome]}. Understanding \textbf{[specific mechanism/relationship]} is essential for \textbf{[future advance: therapy, prevention, diagnosis]}.

\vspace{0.2cm}

% LONG-TERM GOAL
% 1 sentence on your overarching research vision

Our \textbf{long-term goal} is to \textbf{[overarching vision: develop cure, understand mechanism, improve treatment]} for \textbf{[disease/population]}. 

\vspace{0.2cm}

% OBJECTIVE AND CENTRAL HYPOTHESIS
% 1-2 sentences on what THIS proposal will accomplish

The \textbf{objective} of this proposal is to \textbf{[specific objective for this project]}. Our \textbf{central hypothesis} is that \textbf{[clearly stated, testable hypothesis]}.

\vspace{0.2cm}

% RATIONALE
% 2-3 sentences explaining WHY you expect success (preliminary data!)

This hypothesis is based on our \textbf{preliminary data} showing that \textbf{[key preliminary finding 1]} and \textbf{[key preliminary finding 2]}. These findings suggest that \textbf{[mechanistic explanation or expected outcome]}.

\vspace{0.2cm}

% TRANSITION TO AIMS
% 1 sentence introducing the specific aims

To test this hypothesis and achieve our objective, we will pursue the following \textbf{Specific Aims}:

\vspace{0.3cm}

% ====================
% SPECIFIC AIM 1
% ====================

\noindent\textbf{Specific Aim 1: [Concise, active verb title describing what you'll do].}

\textit{Working Hypothesis:} \hl{State testable hypothesis for this aim.}

We will \textbf{[approach/method]} to determine \textbf{[what you'll learn]}. We will use \textbf{[model system/approach]} to test whether \textbf{[specific prediction]}. 

\textbf{Expected Outcome:} We expect to find that \textbf{[predicted result]}. This outcome will demonstrate that \textbf{[significance of finding]} and will be \textbf{[positive/negative/innovative/transformative]} because \textbf{[why it matters]}.

\vspace{0.3cm}

% ====================
% SPECIFIC AIM 2
% ====================

\noindent\textbf{Specific Aim 2: [Title of second aim].}

\textit{Working Hypothesis:} \hl{Testable hypothesis for Aim 2.}

Building on Aim 1, we will \textbf{[approach]} to \textbf{[objective]}. We will employ \textbf{[method/technique]} in \textbf{[model/population]} to test the hypothesis that \textbf{[specific prediction]}.

\textbf{Expected Outcome:} These studies will reveal \textbf{[predicted finding]}. This is significant because \textbf{[impact on field/understanding]}.

\vspace{0.3cm}

% ====================
% SPECIFIC AIM 3 (OPTIONAL)
% ====================

\noindent\textbf{Specific Aim 3: [Title of third aim].}

\textit{Working Hypothesis:} \hl{Testable hypothesis for Aim 3.}

To translate findings from Aims 1-2, we will \textbf{[approach]} to determine \textbf{[translational objective]}. We will \textbf{[method]} using \textbf{[clinically relevant model/patient samples]} to test whether \textbf{[translational prediction]}.

\textbf{Expected Outcome:} We anticipate that \textbf{[result]}, which will provide \textbf{[proof-of-concept/validation/mechanism]} for \textbf{[therapeutic/diagnostic/preventive strategy]}.

\vspace{0.3cm}

% ====================
% PAYOFF PARAGRAPH
% ====================

% 2-3 sentences on IMPACT, INNOVATION, and FUTURE DIRECTIONS

\textbf{Impact and Innovation:} This project is \textbf{innovative} because it \textbf{[novel aspect: new concept, method, approach, application]}. The proposed research is \textbf{significant} because it will \textbf{[advance the field by...]} and will ultimately lead to \textbf{[long-term impact: improved treatment, new therapeutic target, diagnostic tool]}. Upon completion of these studies, we will be positioned to \textbf{[next steps: clinical trial, mechanistic studies, therapeutic development]}.

\vspace{0.5cm}

% ====================
% ALTERNATIVE STRUCTURE (if preferred)
% ====================

% Some successful Specific Aims pages use this alternative structure:
% - Open with hook (same as above)
% - State long-term goal and objective (same)
% - Present central hypothesis with 2-3 supporting pieces of preliminary data
% - Then state: "We will test this hypothesis through three Specific Aims:"
% - List aims more concisely (1-2 sentences each, plus expected outcome)
% - Conclude with payoff paragraph emphasizing innovation, significance, impact

\end{document}

% ====================
% TIPS FOR WRITING SPECIFIC AIMS
% ====================

% 1. START WITH A HOOK
%    - Open with the big picture: disease burden, societal cost, mortality
%    - Use compelling statistics
%    - Make it clear why anyone should care

% 2. IDENTIFY THE GAP
%    - What's currently known?
%    - What's the critical barrier or unknown?
%    - Why does it matter?

% 3. STATE YOUR HYPOTHESIS EXPLICITLY
%    - Clear, testable hypothesis
%    - Not "We hypothesize that we will study..." (that's not a hypothesis!)
%    - "We hypothesize that [mechanism] causes [outcome]"

% 4. SHOW PRELIMINARY DATA
%    - Demonstrate feasibility
%    - Prove you're not starting from scratch
%    - Build confidence in your approach

% 5. THREE AIMS (TYPICALLY)
%    - Can be 2 or 4, but 3 is most common
%    - Aims should be related but somewhat independent
%    - Failure of one aim shouldn't sink the whole project
%    - Aims can build on each other (Aim 1 → Aim 2 → Aim 3)

% 6. EACH AIM SHOULD HAVE:
%    - Clear title (active verb)
%    - Working hypothesis
%    - Approach/method
%    - Expected outcome
%    - Significance/impact

% 7. END WITH PAYOFF
%    - Innovation: What's new/different?
%    - Significance: Why does it matter?
%    - Impact: What will change?
%    - Future: Where does this lead?

% 8. COMMON MISTAKES TO AVOID
%    - Too much background (this is not a mini-review)
%    - Vague hypotheses or objectives
%    - Missing expected outcomes
%    - No preliminary data mentioned
%    - Too ambitious (can't do it all in 5 years)
%    - Not addressing innovation and significance
%    - Poor logical flow between aims
%    - Exceeding 1 page (auto-reject!)

% 9. FORMATTING RULES (STRICTLY ENFORCED)
%    - 1 page maximum (including all text, no figures typically)
%    - Arial 11pt minimum (or equivalent)
%    - 0.5 inch margins minimum
%    - Any spacing (single, 1.5, double acceptable)
%    - No smaller fonts allowed (even for superscripts/subscripts)

% 10. REVISION STRATEGY
%    - Write, get feedback, revise 10+ times
%    - Every word must earn its place
%    - Test on non-specialist colleagues
%    - Read aloud to check flow
%    - Have it reviewed by successful R01 holders
%    - Mock study section review

% ====================
% EXAMPLES OF STRONG OPENING SENTENCES
% ====================

% DISEASE BURDEN APPROACH:
% "Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects 6.7 million Americans and will cost $345 billion in 2023, 
% yet no disease-modifying therapies exist."

% MECHANISTIC GAP APPROACH:
% "Despite decades of research, the molecular mechanisms driving metastasis remain poorly understood, 
% limiting our ability to develop effective therapies for the 90% of cancer deaths caused by metastatic disease."

% TRANSLATIONAL APPROACH:
% "Current immunotherapies fail in 70% of patients with melanoma, largely because we cannot predict 
% who will respond, highlighting an urgent need for biomarkers of treatment response."

% ====================
% REMEMBER
% ====================

% The Specific Aims page is often the ONLY page reviewers read carefully before 
% forming their initial opinion. A weak Specific Aims page can doom an otherwise 
% excellent proposal. Invest the time to make it compelling, clear, and concise.

% Get feedback from:
% - Successful R01 awardees in your field
% - Grant writing office at your institution
% - Colleagues who've served on NIH study sections
% - Non-specialists (if they can't understand it, reviewers may struggle too)

% NSF Research Proposal Template
% For NSF Standard Grant Proposals
% Last updated: 2024
% Based on NSF PAPPG (Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide)

\documentclass[11pt,letterpaper]{article}

% Required formatting
\usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry}  % 1 inch margins required
\usepackage{times}  % Times Roman font (11pt minimum)
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{cite}
\usepackage{hyperref}

% Single spacing (NSF allows single spacing)
\usepackage{setspace}
\singlespacing

% Page numbers
\usepackage{fancyhdr}
\pagestyle{fancy}
\fancyhf{}
\rhead{\thepage}
\renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{0pt}

\begin{document}

% ====================
% PROJECT SUMMARY (1 page maximum)
% ====================

\section*{Project Summary}

\subsection*{Overview}
Provide a concise 1-2 paragraph description of the proposed research. This should be understandable to a scientifically literate reader who is not a specialist in your field.

\subsection*{Intellectual Merit}
Describe how the project advances knowledge within its field and across different fields. Address:
\begin{itemize}
    \item How the project advances understanding in the field
    \item Innovative aspects of the research
    \item Qualifications of the research team
    \item Adequacy of resources
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Broader Impacts}
Describe the potential benefits to society and contributions to desired societal outcomes. Address one or more of the following:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Advancing discovery and understanding while promoting teaching and learning
    \item Broadening participation of underrepresented groups in STEM
    \item Disseminating broadly to enhance scientific and technological understanding
    \item Benefits to society (economic development, health, quality of life, national security, etc.)
    \item Developing the scientific workforce and enhancing research infrastructure
\end{itemize}

\newpage

% ====================
% PROJECT DESCRIPTION (15 pages maximum)
% ====================

\section*{Project Description}

\section{Introduction and Background}
\subsection{Current State of Knowledge}
Provide context for your proposed research. Review relevant literature and establish what is currently known in the field.

\subsection{Knowledge Gap}
Clearly identify the gap in current knowledge or understanding that your project will address. Explain why this gap is significant.

\subsection{Preliminary Work and Feasibility}
Describe any preliminary work that demonstrates the feasibility of your approach. Highlight your team's qualifications and prior accomplishments.

\section{Research Objectives and Hypotheses}
\subsection{Overall Goal}
State the overarching long-term goal of your research program.

\subsection{Specific Objectives}
List 2-4 specific, measurable objectives for this project:
\begin{enumerate}
    \item \textbf{Objective 1:} Clearly stated objective
    \item \textbf{Objective 2:} Second objective
    \item \textbf{Objective 3:} Third objective
\end{enumerate}

\subsection{Hypotheses}
State your testable hypotheses explicitly.

\section{Research Plan}
\subsection{Objective 1: [Title]}
\subsubsection{Rationale}
Explain why this objective is important and how it addresses the knowledge gap.

\subsubsection{Approach and Methods}
Describe in detail how you will accomplish this objective. Include:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Experimental design or computational approach
    \item Methods and procedures
    \item Data collection and analysis
    \item Controls and validation
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Expected Outcomes}
Describe what results you expect and how they will advance the field.

\subsubsection{Potential Challenges and Alternatives}
Identify potential obstacles and describe alternative approaches.

\subsection{Objective 2: [Title]}
[Repeat same structure as Objective 1]

\subsection{Objective 3: [Title]}
[Repeat same structure as Objective 1]

\section{Timeline and Milestones}
Provide a detailed timeline showing when each objective will be addressed:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|l|p{3cm}|p{3cm}|p{3cm}|}
\hline
\textbf{Activity} & \textbf{Year 1} & \textbf{Year 2} & \textbf{Year 3} \\
\hline
Objective 1 activities & Months 1-6: ... & & \\
\hline
Objective 2 activities & Months 7-12: ... & Months 13-18: ... & \\
\hline
Objective 3 activities & & Months 19-24: ... & Months 25-36: ... \\
\hline
Publications & & Submit paper 1 & Submit papers 2-3 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\section{Broader Impacts}
\textit{Note: Broader Impacts must be substantive, not perfunctory. Integrate throughout proposal.}

\subsection{Educational Activities}
Describe specific educational activities integrated with the research:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Curriculum development
    \item Training of graduate and undergraduate students
    \item K-12 outreach programs
    \item Public science communication
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Broadening Participation}
Describe concrete efforts to broaden participation of underrepresented groups:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Recruitment strategies
    \item Mentoring programs
    \item Partnerships with minority-serving institutions
    \item Measurable outcomes
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Dissemination and Outreach}
Describe plans for broad dissemination:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Open-access publications
    \item Data and code sharing (repositories, licenses)
    \item Conference presentations and workshops
    \item Public engagement activities
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Societal Benefits}
Explain potential benefits to society:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Economic development
    \item Health and quality of life improvements
    \item Environmental sustainability
    \item National security (if applicable)
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Assessment of Broader Impacts}
Describe how you will measure the success of broader impacts activities. Include specific, measurable outcomes.

\section{Results from Prior NSF Support}
\textit{Required if PI or co-PI has received NSF funding in the past 5 years}

\subsection{Award Title and Number}
Award Number: NSF-XXXXX, Amount: \$XXX,XXX, Period: MM/YY - MM/YY

\subsection{Intellectual Merit}
Summarize research accomplishments and findings from prior award.

\subsection{Broader Impacts}
Describe broader impacts activities and outcomes from prior award.

\subsection{Publications}
List publications resulting from prior NSF support (up to 5 most significant):
\begin{enumerate}
    \item Author, A.A., et al. (Year). Title. \textit{Journal}, vol(issue), pages.
\end{enumerate}

\newpage

% ====================
% REFERENCES CITED (No page limit)
% ====================

\section*{References Cited}

\begin{thebibliography}{99}

\bibitem{ref1}
Author, A.A., \& Author, B.B. (2023). Article title. \textit{Journal Name}, \textit{45}(3), 123-145.

\bibitem{ref2}
Author, C.C., Author, D.D., \& Author, E.E. (2022). Book title. Publisher.

\bibitem{ref3}
Author, F.F., et al. (2021). Another article. \textit{Nature}, \textit{590}, 234-238.

% Add more references as needed

\end{thebibliography}

\newpage

% ====================
% BUDGET JUSTIFICATION (3-5 pages typical)
% Note: Budget is submitted separately in NSF's systems
% This justifies the budget requests
% ====================

\section*{Budget Justification}

\subsection*{A. Senior Personnel}
\textbf{PI Name (X\% academic year, Y summer months):} Justify percent effort and role in project. Summer salary calculated as X/9 of academic year salary.

\textbf{Co-PI Name (X\% academic year):} Justify role and effort.

\subsection*{B. Other Personnel}
\textbf{Postdoctoral Researcher (1.0 FTE, Years 1-3):} Justify need for postdoc, qualifications required, and role in project. Salary: \$XX,XXX/year.

\textbf{Graduate Student (2 students, Years 1-3):} Justify need, training opportunities, and project contributions. Stipend: \$XX,XXX/year per student.

\textbf{Undergraduate Researchers (2 students/year):} Describe research training opportunities. Hourly wage: \$XX/hour.

\subsection*{C. Fringe Benefits}
List fringe benefit rates for each personnel category as determined by institution.

\subsection*{D. Equipment (\$5,000+)}
\textbf{Instrument Name (\$XX,XXX):} Justify need, explain why existing equipment inadequate, describe how it enables proposed research.

\subsection*{E. Travel}
\textbf{Domestic Conference Travel (\$X,XXX/year):} Justify conference attendance for dissemination (1-2 conferences/year for PI and students).

\textbf{Field Work Travel (\$X,XXX):} If applicable, justify field site visits.

\subsection*{F. Participant Support Costs}
\textit{If hosting workshop, summer program, etc.}

Stipends, travel, and per diem for XX participants attending [workshop/program name].

\subsection*{G. Other Direct Costs}
\textbf{Materials and Supplies (\$X,XXX/year):} Itemize major categories (e.g., chemicals, consumables, software licenses).

\textbf{Publication Costs (\$X,XXX):} Budget for open-access publication fees (estimate X papers @ \$X,XXX each).

\textbf{Subaward to Partner Institution (\$XX,XXX):} Justify collaboration and subaward amount.

\textbf{Other:} Justify any other costs.

\subsection*{H. Indirect Costs}
Calculated at XX\% of Modified Total Direct Costs (institution's negotiated rate).

\newpage

% ====================
% DATA MANAGEMENT PLAN (2 pages maximum)
% ====================

\section*{Data Management Plan}

\subsection*{Types of Data}
Describe the types of data to be generated by the project:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Experimental data (e.g., measurements, observations)
    \item Computational data (e.g., simulation results, models)
    \item Metadata describing data collection and processing
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Data and Metadata Standards}
Describe standards to be used for data format and metadata:
\begin{itemize}
    \item File formats (e.g., HDF5, NetCDF, CSV)
    \item Metadata standards (e.g., Dublin Core, domain-specific standards)
    \item Documentation of data collection and processing
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Policies for Access and Sharing}
Describe how data will be made accessible:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Repository for data deposition (e.g., Dryad, Zenodo, domain-specific archive)
    \item Timeline for public release (immediately upon publication, or within X months)
    \item Access restrictions (if any) and justification
    \item Embargo periods (if applicable)
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Policies for Re-use, Redistribution}
Describe terms for re-use:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Licensing (e.g., CC0, CC-BY, specific data use agreement)
    \item Attribution requirements
    \item Restrictions on commercial use (if any)
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Plans for Archiving and Preservation}
Describe long-term preservation strategy:
\begin{itemize}
    \item Repository selection (long-term, stable repositories)
    \item Preservation period (minimum 3-5 years post-project)
    \item Data formats for long-term preservation
    \item Institutional commitments
\end{itemize}

\subsection*{Roles and Responsibilities}
Identify who is responsible for data management implementation.

\end{document}

% ====================
% ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTS (submitted separately in NSF system)
% ====================

% 1. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH (3 pages per person)
%    - Use NSF-approved format (SciENcv or NSF template)
%    - Professional preparation
%    - Appointments
%    - Products (up to 5 most relevant, up to 5 other significant)
%    - Synergistic activities

% 2. CURRENT AND PENDING SUPPORT
%    - All current and pending support for all senior personnel
%    - Use NSF format
%    - Check for overlap with proposed project

% 3. FACILITIES, EQUIPMENT, AND OTHER RESOURCES
%    - Describe available facilities and equipment
%    - Computational resources
%    - Laboratory space
%    - Other resources supporting the project

% ====================
% FORMATTING CHECKLIST
% ====================

% ☐ Margins: 1 inch on all sides
% ☐ Font: Times Roman 11pt or larger (or equivalent)
% ☐ Line spacing: Single spacing acceptable
% ☐ Project Summary: 1 page, includes Overview, Intellectual Merit, Broader Impacts
% ☐ Project Description: 15 pages maximum
% ☐ References Cited: No page limit, consistent formatting
% ☐ Biographical Sketches: 3 pages per person, NSF-approved format
% ☐ Budget Justification: Detailed and reasonable
% ☐ Data Management Plan: 2 pages maximum
% ☐ Current & Pending: Complete and accurate
% ☐ Facilities: Adequate resources described
% ☐ Broader Impacts: Substantive and integrated throughout
% ☐ All required sections included

% ====================
% SUBMISSION NOTES
% ====================

% 1. Submit through Research.gov or Grants.gov
% 2. Follow your institution's internal deadlines (usually 3-5 days before NSF deadline)
% 3. Obtain institutional approval before submission
% 4. Ensure all senior personnel have NSF IDs
% 5. Budget prepared in NSF's system (separate from this document)
% 6. Check program-specific requirements (may differ from standard grant)
% 7. Contact Program Officer for guidance (encouraged but not required)

%%
%% This is file `elsarticle-harv.bst'  (Version 2.1),
%% 
%% Copyright 2009-2024 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% ---------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
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%% $Id: elsarticle-harv.bst 255 2024-04-06 10:58:47Z rishi $
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%% $URL: https://lenova.river-valley.com/svn/elsarticle/trunk/elsarticle-harv.bst $
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FUNCTION {fin.entry}
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FUNCTION {date.block}
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FUNCTION {capitalize}
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FUNCTION {bbl.nr}
{ "no." }

FUNCTION {bbl.in}
{ "in" }

FUNCTION {bbl.pages}
{ "pp." }

FUNCTION {bbl.page}
{ "p." }

FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}
{ "chapter" }

FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}
{ "Technical Report" }

FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}
{ "Master's thesis" }

FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}
{ "Ph.D. thesis" }

MACRO {jan} {"January"}

MACRO {feb} {"February"}

MACRO {mar} {"March"}

MACRO {apr} {"April"}

MACRO {may} {"May"}

MACRO {jun} {"June"}

MACRO {jul} {"July"}

MACRO {aug} {"August"}

MACRO {sep} {"September"}

MACRO {oct} {"October"}

MACRO {nov} {"November"}

MACRO {dec} {"December"}

MACRO {acmcs} {"ACM Comput. Surv."}

MACRO {acta} {"Acta Inf."}

MACRO {cacm} {"Commun. ACM"}

MACRO {ibmjrd} {"IBM J. Res. Dev."}

MACRO {ibmsj} {"IBM Syst.~J."}

MACRO {ieeese} {"IEEE Trans. Software Eng."}

MACRO {ieeetc} {"IEEE Trans. Comput."}

MACRO {ieeetcad}
 {"IEEE Trans. Comput. Aid. Des."}

MACRO {ipl} {"Inf. Process. Lett."}

MACRO {jacm} {"J.~ACM"}

MACRO {jcss} {"J.~Comput. Syst. Sci."}

MACRO {scp} {"Sci. Comput. Program."}

MACRO {sicomp} {"SIAM J. Comput."}

MACRO {tocs} {"ACM Trans. Comput. Syst."}

MACRO {tods} {"ACM Trans. Database Syst."}

MACRO {tog} {"ACM Trans. Graphic."}

MACRO {toms} {"ACM Trans. Math. Software"}

MACRO {toois} {"ACM Trans. Office Inf. Syst."}

MACRO {toplas} {"ACM Trans. Progr. Lang. Syst."}

MACRO {tcs} {"Theor. Comput. Sci."}

FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      pop$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ pop$
        }
        { swap$
          "\bibinfo{" swap$ * "}{" * swap$ * "}" *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
{ swap$
  duplicate$ missing$
    {
      swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$
      ""
    }
    { duplicate$ empty$
        {
          swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$
        }
        { swap$
          pop$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

STRINGS  { bibinfo}

INTEGERS { nameptr namesleft numnames }

FUNCTION {format.names}
{ 'bibinfo :=
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
  's :=
  "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv~}{ll}{, jj}{, f{.}.}"
      format.name$
      bibinfo bibinfo.check
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              "," *
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                { " " * t * }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
  } if$
}
FUNCTION {format.names.ed}
{
  format.names
}
FUNCTION {format.key}
{ empty$
    { key field.or.null }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.authors}
{ author "author" format.names
    duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { collaboration "collaboration" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
        { " (" swap$ * ")" * }
      if$
      *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }

FUNCTION {format.editors}
{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      " " *
      get.bbl.editor
      capitalize
   "(" swap$ * ")" *
      *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.note}
{
 note empty$
    { "" }
    { note #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "{" =
        'skip$
        { output.state mid.sentence =
          { "l" }
          { "u" }
        if$
        change.case$
        }
      if$
      note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.title}
{ title
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { "t" change.case$ }
  if$
  "title" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {format.full.names}
{'s :=
 "" 't :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
      't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          namesleft #1 >
            { ", " * t * }
            {
              s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
                { 't := }
                { pop$ }
              if$
              t "others" =
                {
                  " " * bbl.etal *
                }
                {
                  bbl.and
                  space.word * t *
                }
              if$
            }
          if$
        }
        't
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.full}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
            'key
          if$
        }
        { editor format.full.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.full}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.full}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
         { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
          'key
      if$
    }
    { editor format.full.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {make.full.names}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.full
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.key.full
        'author.key.full
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {output.bibitem}
{ newline$
  "\bibitem[{" write$
  label write$
  ")" make.full.names duplicate$ short.list =
     { pop$ }
     { * }
   if$
  "}]{" * write$
  cite$ write$
  "}" write$
  newline$
  ""
  before.all 'output.state :=
}

FUNCTION {n.dashify}
{
  't :=
  ""
    { t empty$ not }
    { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
        { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
            { "--" *
              t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
            }
            {   { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
                { "-" *
                  t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
                }
              while$
            }
          if$
        }
        { t #1 #1 substring$ *
          t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
        }
      if$
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {word.in}
{ bbl.in %capitalize
  ":" *
  " " * }

FUNCTION {format.date}
{ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
    {
    }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label *
  before.all 'output.state :=
  ", " swap$ *
}
FUNCTION {format.btitle}
{ title "title" bibinfo.check
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {either.or.check}
{ empty$
    'pop$
    { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.bvolume}
{ volume empty$
    { "" }
    { bbl.volume volume tie.or.space.prefix
      "volume" bibinfo.check * *
      series "series" bibinfo.check
      duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        { swap$ bbl.of space.word * swap$
          emphasize * }
      if$
      "volume and number" number either.or.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.number.series}
{ volume empty$
    { number empty$
        { series field.or.null }
        { series empty$
            { number "number" bibinfo.check }
        { output.state mid.sentence =
            { bbl.number }
            { bbl.number capitalize }
          if$
          number tie.or.space.prefix "number" bibinfo.check * *
          bbl.in space.word *
          series "series" bibinfo.check *
        }
      if$
    }
      if$
    }
    { "" }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.edition}
{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      output.state mid.sentence =
        { "l" }
        { "t" }
      if$ change.case$
      "edition" bibinfo.check
      " " * bbl.edition *
    }
  if$
}
INTEGERS { multiresult }
FUNCTION {multi.page.check}
{ 't :=
  #0 'multiresult :=
    { multiresult not
      t empty$ not
      and
    }
    { t #1 #1 substring$
      duplicate$ "-" =
      swap$ duplicate$ "," =
      swap$ "+" =
      or or
        { #1 'multiresult := }
        { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
      if$
    }
  while$
  multiresult
}
%FUNCTION {format.pages}
%{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
%    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
%        {
%          n.dashify
%        }
%        {
%        }
%      if$
%      "pages" bibinfo.check
%    }
%  if$
%}

FUNCTION {format.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    { duplicate$ multi.page.check
        {
          bbl.pages swap$
          n.dashify
        }
        {
          bbl.page swap$
        }
      if$
      tie.or.space.prefix
      "pages" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.journal.pages}
{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
    { swap$ duplicate$ empty$
        { pop$ pop$ format.pages }
        {
          ", " *
          swap$
          n.dashify
          "pages" bibinfo.check
          *
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.vol.num.pages}
{ volume field.or.null
  duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      "volume" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.chapter.pages}
{ chapter empty$
    { "" }
    { type empty$
        { bbl.chapter }
        { type "l" change.case$
          "type" bibinfo.check
        }
      if$
      chapter tie.or.space.prefix
      "chapter" bibinfo.check
      * *
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {format.booktitle}
{
  booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check
}
FUNCTION {format.in.ed.booktitle}
{ format.booktitle duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
    {
      editor "editor" format.names.ed duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
        {
          " " *
          get.bbl.editor
          capitalize
          "(" swap$ * "), " *
          * swap$
          * }
      if$
      word.in swap$ *
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.thesis.type}
{ type duplicate$ empty$
    'pop$
    { swap$ pop$
      "t" change.case$ "type" bibinfo.check
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.tr.number}
{ number "number" bibinfo.check
  type duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ bbl.techrep }
    'skip$
  if$
  "type" bibinfo.check
  swap$ duplicate$ empty$
    { pop$ "t" change.case$ }
    { tie.or.space.prefix * * }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.article.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.book.crossref}
{ volume duplicate$ empty$
    { "empty volume in " cite$ * "'s crossref of " * crossref * warning$
      pop$ word.in
    }
    { bbl.volume
      capitalize
      swap$ tie.or.space.prefix "volume" bibinfo.check * * bbl.of space.word *
    }
  if$
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.incoll.inproc.crossref}
{
  word.in
  " \cite{" * crossref * "}" *
}
FUNCTION {format.org.or.pub}
{ 't :=
  ""
  address empty$ t empty$ and
    'skip$
    {
      t empty$
        { address "address" bibinfo.check *
        }
        { t *
          address empty$
            'skip$
            { ", " * address "address" bibinfo.check * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.publisher.address}
{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {format.organization.address}
{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.org.or.pub
}

FUNCTION {print.url}
 {url duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     urlprefix "\url{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.doi}
 {doi duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     doiprefix "\doi{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.eprint}
 {eprint duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     duplicate$ "\href{http://arxiv.org/abs/" swap$ * "}{{\tt arXiv:" * swap$ * "}}" *   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {print.pubmed}
 {pubmed duplicate$ empty$
   { pop$ "" }
   { new.sentence
     pubmedprefix "\Pubmed{" * swap$  * "}" *
   }
   if$
 }

FUNCTION {webpage}
{ "%Type = Webpage" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  author empty$
  {
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
  }
  {
    format.date "year" output.check
    date.block
    format.title "title" output.check
    new.block
}
  if$
  print.url output
  fin.entry
}


FUNCTION {article}
{ "%Type = Article" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  crossref missing$
    {
      journal
      "journal" bibinfo.check
      "journal" output.check
      add.blank
      format.vol.num.pages output
    }
    { format.article.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.journal.pages
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {book}
{ "%Type = Book" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  crossref missing$
    { format.bvolume output
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      format.edition output
      new.sentence
      format.publisher.address output
    }
    {
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {booklet}
{ "%Type = Booklet" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inbook}
{ "%Type = Inbook" write$
  output.bibitem
  author empty$
    { format.editors "author and editor" output.check
      editor format.key output
    }
    { format.authors output.nonnull
      crossref missing$
        { "author and editor" editor either.or.check }
        'skip$
      if$
    }
  if$
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.edition output
  crossref missing$
    {
      format.publisher.address output
      format.bvolume output
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.number.series output
      new.sentence
    }
    {
      format.chapter.pages "chapter and pages" output.check
      new.block
      format.book.crossref output.nonnull
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {incollection}
{ "%Type = Incollection" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.book.check
  new.sentence
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.book.check
      format.edition output
      format.publisher.address output
      format.bvolume output
      format.number.series output
      format.chapter.pages output
      new.sentence
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.chapter.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {inproceedings}
{ "%Type = Inproceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.book.check
  new.sentence
  crossref missing$
    { format.in.ed.booktitle "booktitle" output.check
      new.sentence
      publisher empty$
        { format.organization.address output }
        { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
          format.publisher.address output
        }
      if$
%      format.bvolume output
%      format.number.series output
%      format.pages output
    }
    { format.incoll.inproc.crossref output.nonnull
      format.pages output
    }
  if$
  format.pages "pages" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {conference} { inproceedings }

FUNCTION {manual}
{ "%Type = Manual" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.edition output
  organization address new.block.checkb
  organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
{ "%Type = Masterthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  bbl.mthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {misc}
{ "%Type = Misc" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors output
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title output
  new.block
  howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {phdthesis}
{ "%Type = Phdthesis" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  bbl.phdthesis format.thesis.type output.nonnull
  school "school" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {proceedings}
{ "%Type = Proceedings" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.editors output
  editor format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle "title" output.check
  format.bvolume output
  format.number.series output
  new.sentence
  publisher empty$
    { format.organization.address output }
    { organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
      format.publisher.address output
    }
  if$
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {techreport}
{ "%Type = Techreport" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.btitle
  "title" output.check
  new.block
  format.tr.number output.nonnull
  institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
  address "address" bibinfo.check output
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note output
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {unpublished}
{ "%Type = Unpublished" write$
  output.bibitem
  format.authors "author" output.check
  author format.key output
  format.date "year" output.check
  date.block
  format.title "title" output.check
  new.block
  print.url output
  print.doi output
  print.eprint output
  print.pubmed output
  format.note "note" output.check
  fin.entry
}

FUNCTION {default.type} { misc }
READ
FUNCTION {sortify}
{ purify$
  "l" change.case$
}
INTEGERS { len }
FUNCTION {chop.word}
{ 's :=
  'len :=
  s #1 len substring$ =
    { s len #1 + global.max$ substring$ }
    's
  if$
}
FUNCTION {format.lab.names}
{ 's :=
  "" 't :=
  s #1 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
  s num.names$ duplicate$
  #2 >
    { pop$
      " " * bbl.etal *
    }
    { #2 <
        'skip$
        { s #2 "{ff }{vv }{ll}{ jj}" format.name$ "others" =
            {
              " " * bbl.etal *
            }
            { bbl.and space.word * s #2 "{vv~}{ll}" format.name$
              * }
          if$
        }
      if$
    }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {author.editor.key.label}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
            'key
          if$
        }
        { editor format.lab.names }
      if$
    }
    { author format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {editor.key.label}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { cite$ #1 #3 substring$ }
        'key
      if$
    }
    { editor format.lab.names }
  if$
}

FUNCTION {calc.short.authors}
{ type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.key.label
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.key.label
        'author.key.label
      if$
    }
  if$
  'short.list :=
}

FUNCTION {calc.label}
{ calc.short.authors
  short.list
  "("
  *
  year duplicate$ empty$
  short.list key field.or.null = or
     { pop$ "" }
     'skip$
  if$
  *
  'label :=
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.names}
{ 's :=
  #1 'nameptr :=
  ""
  s num.names$ 'numnames :=
  numnames 'namesleft :=
    { namesleft #0 > }
    { s nameptr
      "{ll{ }}{  f{ }}{  jj{ }}"
      format.name$ 't :=
      nameptr #1 >
        {
          "   "  *
          namesleft #1 = t "others" = and
            { "zzzzz" * }
            { t sortify * }
          if$
        }
        { t sortify * }
      if$
      nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
      namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
    }
  while$
}

FUNCTION {sort.format.title}
{ 't :=
  "A " #2
    "An " #3
      "The " #4 t chop.word
    chop.word
  chop.word
  sortify
  #1 global.max$ substring$
}
FUNCTION {author.sort}
{ author empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need author or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {author.editor.sort}
{ author empty$
    { editor empty$
        { key empty$
            { "to sort, need author, editor, or key in " cite$ * warning$
              ""
            }
            { key sortify }
          if$
        }
        { editor sort.format.names }
      if$
    }
    { author sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {editor.sort}
{ editor empty$
    { key empty$
        { "to sort, need editor or key in " cite$ * warning$
          ""
        }
        { key sortify }
      if$
    }
    { editor sort.format.names }
  if$
}
FUNCTION {presort}
{ calc.label
  label sortify
  "    "
  *
  type$ "book" =
  type$ "inbook" =
  or
    'author.editor.sort
    { type$ "proceedings" =
        'editor.sort
        'author.sort
      if$
    }
  if$
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.label :=
  sort.label
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}

ITERATE {presort}
SORT
STRINGS { last.label next.extra }
INTEGERS { last.extra.num number.label }
FUNCTION {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
{ #0 int.to.chr$ 'last.label :=
  "" 'next.extra :=
  #0 'last.extra.num :=
  #0 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {forward.pass}
{ last.label label =
    { last.extra.num #1 + 'last.extra.num :=
      last.extra.num int.to.chr$ 'extra.label :=
    }
    { "a" chr.to.int$ 'last.extra.num :=
      "" 'extra.label :=
      label 'last.label :=
    }
  if$
  number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
}
FUNCTION {reverse.pass}
{ next.extra "b" =
    { "a" 'extra.label := }
    'skip$
  if$
  extra.label 'next.extra :=
  extra.label
  duplicate$ empty$
    'skip$
%    { "{\natexlab{" swap$ * "}}" * }
    { "" swap$ * "" * }
  if$
  'extra.label :=
  label extra.label * 'label :=
}
EXECUTE {initialize.extra.label.stuff}
ITERATE {forward.pass}
REVERSE {reverse.pass}
FUNCTION {bib.sort.order}
{ sort.label
  "    "
  *
  year field.or.null sortify
  *
  "    "
  *
  title field.or.null
  sort.format.title
  *
  #1 entry.max$ substring$
  'sort.key$ :=
}
ITERATE {bib.sort.order}
SORT
FUNCTION {begin.bib}
{ preamble$ empty$
    'skip$
    { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
  if$
  "\begin{thebibliography}{" number.label int.to.str$ * "}" *
  write$ newline$
  "\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\url}[1]{\texttt{#1}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\href}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\path}[1]{#1}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\DOIprefix}{doi:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\ArXivprefix}{arXiv:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\URLprefix}{URL: }"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmedprefix}{pmid:}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\doi}[1]{\href{http://dx.doi.org/#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\Pubmed}[1]{\href{pmid:#1}{\path{#1}}}"
  write$ newline$
  "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
  write$ newline$
	"\ifx\xfnm\relax \def\xfnm[#1]{\unskip,\space#1}\fi"
  write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {begin.bib}
EXECUTE {init.state.consts}
EXECUTE {init.web.variables} 
ITERATE {call.type$}
FUNCTION {end.bib}
{ newline$
  "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$
}
EXECUTE {end.bib}
%% End of customized bst file
%%
%% End of file `elsarticle-harv.bst'.
%%
%% Change log:
%% -----------
%% 22.04.2011
%%
%% 10.08.2012
%%   a. doi, url, eprint, pmid added
%%   b. Bibtype `webpage' defined
%%
%% 30.08.2012
%%   a. collaboration added.
%%

%% 
%% Copyright 2007-2024 Elsevier Ltd
%% 
%% This file is part of the 'Elsarticle Bundle'.
%% ---------------------------------------------
%% 
%% It may be distributed under the conditions of the LaTeX Project Public
%% License, either version 1.3 of this license or (at your option) any
%% later version.  The latest version of this license is in
%%    http://www.latex-project.org/lppl.txt
%% and version 1.3 or later is part of all distributions of LaTeX
%% version 1999/12/01 or later.
%% 
%% The list of all files belonging to the 'Elsarticle Bundle' is
%% given in the file `manifest.txt'.
%% 
%% Template article for Elsevier's document class `elsarticle'
%% with harvard style bibliographic references

\documentclass[preprint,12pt,authoryear]{elsarticle}

%% Use the option review to obtain double line spacing
%% \documentclass[authoryear,preprint,review,12pt]{elsarticle}

%% Use the options 1p,twocolumn; 3p; 3p,twocolumn; 5p; or 5p,twocolumn
%% for a journal layout:
%% \documentclass[final,1p,times,authoryear]{elsarticle}
%% \documentclass[final,1p,times,twocolumn,authoryear]{elsarticle}
%% \documentclass[final,3p,times,authoryear]{elsarticle}
%% \documentclass[final,3p,times,twocolumn,authoryear]{elsarticle}
%% \documentclass[final,5p,times,authoryear]{elsarticle}
%% \documentclass[final,5p,times,twocolumn,authoryear]{elsarticle}

%% For including figures, graphicx.sty has been loaded in
%% elsarticle.cls. If you prefer to use the old commands
%% please give \usepackage{epsfig}

%% The amssymb package provides various useful mathematical symbols
\usepackage{amssymb}
%% The amsmath package provides various useful equation environments.
\usepackage{amsmath}
%% The amsthm package provides extended theorem environments
%% \usepackage{amsthm}

%% The lineno packages adds line numbers. Start line numbering with
%% \begin{linenumbers}, end it with \end{linenumbers}. Or switch it on
%% for the whole article with \linenumbers.
%% \usepackage{lineno}

\journal{Nuclear Physics B}

\begin{document}

\begin{frontmatter}

%% Title, authors and addresses

%% use the tnoteref command within \title for footnotes;
%% use the tnotetext command for theassociated footnote;
%% use the fnref command within \author or \affiliation for footnotes;
%% use the fntext command for theassociated footnote;
%% use the corref command within \author for corresponding author footnotes;
%% use the cortext command for theassociated footnote;
%% use the ead command for the email address,
%% and the form \ead[url] for the home page:
%% \title{Title\tnoteref{label1}}
%% \tnotetext[label1]{}
%% \author{Name\corref{cor1}\fnref{label2}}
%% \ead{email address}
%% \ead[url]{home page}
%% \fntext[label2]{}
%% \cortext[cor1]{}
%% \affiliation{organization={},
%%            addressline={}, 
%%            city={},
%%            postcode={}, 
%%            state={},
%%            country={}}
%% \fntext[label3]{}

\title{} %% Article title

%% use optional labels to link authors explicitly to addresses:
%% \author[label1,label2]{}
%% \affiliation[label1]{organization={},
%%             addressline={},
%%             city={},
%%             postcode={},
%%             state={},
%%             country={}}
%%
%% \affiliation[label2]{organization={},
%%             addressline={},
%%             city={},
%%             postcode={},
%%             state={},
%%             country={}}

\author{} %% Author name

%% Author affiliation
\affiliation{organization={},%Department and Organization
            addressline={}, 
            city={},
            postcode={}, 
            state={},
            country={}}

%% Abstract
\begin{abstract}
%% Text of abstract
Abstract text.
\end{abstract}

%%Graphical abstract
\begin{graphicalabstract}
%\includegraphics{grabs}
\end{graphicalabstract}

%%Research highlights
\begin{highlights}
\item Research highlight 1
\item Research highlight 2
\end{highlights}

%% Keywords
\begin{keyword}
%% keywords here, in the form: keyword \sep keyword

%% PACS codes here, in the form: \PACS code \sep code

%% MSC codes here, in the form: \MSC code \sep code
%% or \MSC[2008] code \sep code (2000 is the default)

\end{keyword}

\end{frontmatter}

%% Add \usepackage{lineno} before \begin{document} and uncomment 
%% following line to enable line numbers
%% \linenumbers

%% main text
%%

%% Use \section commands to start a section
\section{Example Section}
\label{sec1}
%% Labels are used to cross-reference an item using \ref command.

Section text. See Subsection \ref{subsec1}.

%% Use \subsection commands to start a subsection.
\subsection{Example Subsection}
\label{subsec1}

Subsection text.

%% Use \subsubsection, \paragraph, \subparagraph commands to 
%% start 3rd, 4th and 5th level sections.
%% Refer following link for more details.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Document_Structure#Sectioning_commands

\subsubsection{Mathematics}
%% Inline mathematics is tagged between $ symbols.
This is an example for the symbol $\alpha$ tagged as inline mathematics.

%% Displayed equations can be tagged using various environments. 
%% Single line equations can be tagged using the equation environment.
\begin{equation}
f(x) = (x+a)(x+b)
\end{equation}

%% Unnumbered equations are tagged using starred versions of the environment.
%% amsmath package needs to be loaded for the starred version of equation environment.
\begin{equation*}
f(x) = (x+a)(x+b)
\end{equation*}

%% align or eqnarray environments can be used for multi line equations.
%% & is used to mark alignment points in equations.
%% \\ is used to end a row in a multiline equation.
\begin{align}
 f(x) &= (x+a)(x+b) \\
      &= x^2 + (a+b)x + ab
\end{align}

\begin{eqnarray}
 f(x) &=& (x+a)(x+b) \nonumber\\ %% If equation numbering is not needed for a row use \nonumber.
      &=& x^2 + (a+b)x + ab
\end{eqnarray}

%% Unnumbered versions of align and eqnarray
\begin{align*}
 f(x) &= (x+a)(x+b) \\
      &= x^2 + (a+b)x + ab
\end{align*}

\begin{eqnarray*}
 f(x)&=& (x+a)(x+b) \\
     &=& x^2 + (a+b)x + ab
\end{eqnarray*}

%% Refer following link for more details.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Mathematics
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Advanced_Mathematics

%% Use a table environment to create tables.
%% Refer following link for more details.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables
\begin{table}[t]%% placement specifier
%% Use tabular environment to tag the tabular data.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Tables#The_tabular_environment
\centering%% For centre alignment of tabular.
\begin{tabular}{l c r}%% Table column specifiers
%% Tabular cells are separated by &
  1 & 2 & 3 \\ %% A tabular row ends with \\
  4 & 5 & 6 \\
  7 & 8 & 9 \\
\end{tabular}
%% Use \caption command for table caption and label.
\caption{Table Caption}\label{fig1}
\end{table}


%% Use figure environment to create figures
%% Refer following link for more details.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Floats,_Figures_and_Captions
\begin{figure}[t]%% placement specifier
%% Use \includegraphics command to insert graphic files. Place graphics files in 
%% working directory.
\centering%% For centre alignment of image.
\includegraphics{example-image-a}
%% Use \caption command for figure caption and label.
\caption{Figure Caption}\label{fig1}
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Importing_Graphics#Importing_external_graphics
\end{figure}


%% The Appendices part is started with the command \appendix;
%% appendix sections are then done as normal sections
\appendix
\section{Example Appendix Section}
\label{app1}

Appendix text.

%% For citations use: 
%%       \citet{<label>} ==> Lamport (1994)
%%       \citep{<label>} ==> (Lamport, 1994)
%%
Example citation, See \citet{lamport94}.

%% If you have bib database file and want bibtex to generate the
%% bibitems, please use
%%
%%  \bibliographystyle{elsarticle-harv} 
%%  \bibliography{<your bibdatabase>}

%% else use the following coding to input the bibitems directly in the
%% TeX file.

%% Refer following link for more details about bibliography and citations.
%% https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Bibliography_Management

\begin{thebibliography}{00}

%% For authoryear reference style
%% \bibitem[Author(year)]{label}
%% Text of bibliographic item

\bibitem[Lamport(1994)]{lamport94}
  Leslie Lamport,
  \textit{\LaTeX: a document preparation system},
  Addison Wesley, Massachusetts,
  2nd edition,
  1994.

\end{thebibliography}
\end{document}

\endinput
%%
%% End of file `elsarticle-template-harv.tex'.

% Nature Journal Article Template
% For submission to Nature family journals
% Last updated: 2024

\documentclass[12pt]{article}

% Packages
\usepackage[margin=2.5cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{hyperref}
\usepackage{lineno}  % Line numbers for review
\usepackage[super]{natbib}  % Superscript citations

% Line numbering (required for submission)
\linenumbers

% Title and Authors
\title{Insert Your Title Here: Concise and Descriptive}

\author{
First Author\textsuperscript{1}, Second Author\textsuperscript{1,2}, Third Author\textsuperscript{2,*}
}

\date{}

\begin{document}

\maketitle

% Affiliations
\noindent
\textsuperscript{1}Department Name, Institution Name, City, State/Province, Postal Code, Country \\
\textsuperscript{2}Second Department/Institution \\
\textsuperscript{*}Correspondence: [email protected]

% Abstract
\begin{abstract}
\noindent
Write a concise abstract of 150-200 words summarizing the main findings, significance, and conclusions of your work. The abstract should be self-contained and understandable without reading the full paper. Focus on what you did, what you found, and why it matters. Avoid jargon and abbreviations where possible.
\end{abstract}

% Main Text
\section*{Introduction}
% 2-3 paragraphs setting the context
Provide background on the research area, establish the importance of the problem, and identify the knowledge gap your work addresses. Nature papers should emphasize broad significance beyond a narrow specialty.

State your main research question or objective clearly.

Briefly preview your approach and key findings.

\section*{Results}
% Primary results section
% Organize by finding, not by experiment
% Reference figures/tables as you describe results

\subsection*{First major finding}
Describe your first key result. Reference Figure~\ref{fig:example} to support your findings.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
% Include your figure here
% \includegraphics[width=0.7\textwidth]{figure1.pdf}
\caption{{\bf Figure title in bold.} Detailed figure caption explaining what is shown, experimental conditions, sample sizes (n), statistical tests, and significance levels. Panels should be labeled (a), (b), etc. if multiple panels are present.}
\label{fig:example}
\end{figure}

\subsection*{Second major finding}
Describe your second key result objectively, without interpretation.

\subsection*{Third major finding}
Describe additional results as needed.

\section*{Discussion}
% Interpret results, compare to literature, acknowledge limitations

\subsection*{Main findings and interpretation}
Summarize your key findings and explain their significance. How do they advance our understanding?

\subsection*{Comparison to previous work}
Compare and contrast your results with existing literature\cite{example2023}.

\subsection*{Implications}
Discuss the broader implications of your work for the field and beyond.

\subsection*{Limitations and future directions}
Honestly acknowledge limitations and suggest future research directions.

\section*{Conclusions}
Provide a concise conclusion summarizing the main take-home messages of your work.

\section*{Methods}
% Detailed methods allowing reproducibility
% Can be placed after main text in Nature

\subsection*{Experimental design}
Describe overall experimental design, including controls.

\subsection*{Sample preparation}
Detail procedures for sample collection, preparation, and handling.

\subsection*{Data collection}
Describe instrumentation, measurement procedures, and data collection protocols.

\subsection*{Data analysis}
Explain analytical methods, statistical tests, and software used. State sample sizes, replication, and significance thresholds.

\subsection*{Ethical approval}
Include relevant ethical approval statements (human subjects, animal use, biosafety).

\section*{Data availability}
State where data supporting the findings can be accessed (repository, supplementary files, available on request).

\section*{Code availability}
If applicable, provide information on code availability (GitHub, Zenodo, etc.).

\section*{Acknowledgements}
Acknowledge funding sources, technical assistance, and other contributions. List grant numbers.

\section*{Author contributions}
Describe contributions of each author using CRediT taxonomy or similar (conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing, etc.).

\section*{Competing interests}
Declare any financial or non-financial competing interests. If none, state "The authors declare no competing interests."

% References
\bibliographystyle{naturemag}  % Nature bibliography style
\bibliography{references}  % Your .bib file

% Alternatively, manually format references:
\begin{thebibliography}{99}

\bibitem{example2023}
Smith, J. D., Jones, M. L. \& Williams, K. R. Groundbreaking discovery in the field. \textit{Nature} \textbf{600}, 123--130 (2023).

\bibitem{author2022}
Author, A. A. \& Coauthor, B. B. Another important paper. \textit{Nat. Methods} \textbf{19}, 456--

460 (2022).

% Add more references as needed

\end{thebibliography}

% Figure Legends (if not included with figures)
\section*{Figure Legends}

\textbf{Figure 1 | Figure title.} Comprehensive figure legend describing all panels, experimental conditions, sample sizes, and statistical analyses.

\textbf{Figure 2 | Second figure title.} Another detailed legend.

% Extended Data Figures (optional - supplementary figures)
\section*{Extended Data}

\textbf{Extended Data Figure 1 | Supplementary data title.} Description of supplementary figure supporting main findings.

\end{document}

% Notes for Authors:
% 1. Nature articles are typically ~3,000 words excluding Methods, References, Figure Legends
% 2. Use superscript numbered citations (1, 2, 3)
% 3. Figures should be high resolution (300+ dpi for photos, 1000 dpi for line art)
% 4. Submit figures as separate files (TIFF, EPS, or PDF)
% 5. Double-space the manuscript for review
% 6. Include line numbers using \linenumbers
% 7. Follow Nature's specific author guidelines for your target journal
% 8. Methods section can be quite detailed and placed after main text
% 9. Check word limits and specific requirements for your Nature family journal