Analyzing Cobalt Strike Beacon Configuration

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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Cobalt Strike beacon configuration extraction and analysis agent.

Extracts C2 configuration from beacon payloads including server addresses,
communication settings, malleable C2 profile details, and watermark values.
"""

import struct
import os
import sys
import hashlib
from collections import OrderedDict

# Cobalt Strike beacon configuration field IDs (Type-Length-Value format)
BEACON_CONFIG_FIELDS = {
    1: ("BeaconType", "short"),
    2: ("Port", "short"),
    3: ("SleepTime", "int"),
    4: ("MaxGetSize", "int"),
    5: ("Jitter", "short"),
    7: ("PublicKey", "bytes"),
    8: ("C2Server", "str"),
    9: ("UserAgent", "str"),
    10: ("PostURI", "str"),
    11: ("Malleable_C2_Instructions", "bytes"),
    12: ("HttpGet_Metadata", "bytes"),
    13: ("HttpPost_Metadata", "bytes"),
    14: ("SpawnToX86", "str"),
    15: ("SpawnToX64", "str"),
    19: ("CryptoScheme", "short"),
    26: ("GetVerb", "str"),
    27: ("PostVerb", "str"),
    28: ("HttpPostChunk", "int"),
    29: ("Spawnto_x86", "str"),
    30: ("Spawnto_x64", "str"),
    31: ("CryptoScheme2", "str"),
    37: ("Watermark", "int"),
    38: ("StageCleanup", "short"),
    39: ("CFGCaution", "short"),
    43: ("DNS_Idle", "int"),
    44: ("DNS_Sleep", "int"),
    50: ("HostHeader", "str"),
    54: ("PipeName", "str"),
}

BEACON_TYPES = {0: "HTTP", 1: "Hybrid HTTP/DNS", 2: "SMB", 4: "TCP", 8: "HTTPS", 16: "DNS over HTTPS"}

XOR_KEY_V3 = 0x69
XOR_KEY_V4 = 0x2E


def compute_hash(filepath):
    """Compute SHA-256 hash of file."""
    sha256 = hashlib.sha256()
    with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
        for chunk in iter(lambda: f.read(65536), b""):
            sha256.update(chunk)
    return sha256.hexdigest()


def find_config_offset(data):
    """Find the beacon configuration blob in PE data or shellcode."""
    # Look for XOR-encoded config patterns
    for xor_key in [XOR_KEY_V3, XOR_KEY_V4]:
        # Config starts with 0x0001 (BeaconType field ID) XOR-encoded
        encoded_marker = bytes([0x00 ^ xor_key, 0x01 ^ xor_key, 0x00 ^ xor_key, 0x01 ^ xor_key])
        offset = data.find(encoded_marker)
        if offset != -1:
            return offset, xor_key
    # Try unencoded
    for offset in range(len(data) - 100):
        if data[offset:offset+4] == b"\x00\x01\x00\x01":
            return offset, None
    return -1, None


def xor_decode(data, key):
    """XOR decode data with single byte key."""
    if key is None:
        return data
    return bytes(b ^ key for b in data)


def parse_config_field(data, offset):
    """Parse a single TLV config field."""
    if offset + 6 > len(data):
        return None, None, None, offset
    field_id = struct.unpack_from(">H", data, offset)[0]
    field_type = struct.unpack_from(">H", data, offset + 2)[0]
    if field_type == 1:  # short
        value = struct.unpack_from(">H", data, offset + 4)[0]
        return field_id, "short", value, offset + 6
    elif field_type == 2:  # int
        value = struct.unpack_from(">I", data, offset + 4)[0]
        return field_id, "int", value, offset + 8
    elif field_type == 3:  # str/bytes
        length = struct.unpack_from(">H", data, offset + 4)[0]
        if offset + 6 + length > len(data):
            return None, None, None, offset
        value = data[offset + 6:offset + 6 + length]
        return field_id, "str", value, offset + 6 + length
    return None, None, None, offset + 2


def extract_beacon_config(filepath):
    """Extract and parse Cobalt Strike beacon configuration."""
    with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
        data = f.read()

    config_offset, xor_key = find_config_offset(data)
    if config_offset == -1:
        return {"error": "No beacon configuration found", "file": filepath}

    config_data = xor_decode(data[config_offset:config_offset + 4096], xor_key)
    config = OrderedDict()
    config["_meta"] = {
        "config_offset": f"0x{config_offset:08X}",
        "xor_key": f"0x{xor_key:02X}" if xor_key else "none",
        "version_guess": "4.x" if xor_key == XOR_KEY_V4 else "3.x" if xor_key == XOR_KEY_V3 else "unknown",
    }

    offset = 0
    max_fields = 100
    parsed = 0
    while offset < len(config_data) - 4 and parsed < max_fields:
        field_id, field_type, value, new_offset = parse_config_field(config_data, offset)
        if field_id is None or new_offset == offset:
            break
        offset = new_offset
        parsed += 1

        field_info = BEACON_CONFIG_FIELDS.get(field_id)
        if field_info:
            field_name, expected_type = field_info
            if isinstance(value, bytes):
                try:
                    str_value = value.rstrip(b"\x00").decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
                    config[field_name] = str_value
                except Exception:
                    config[field_name] = value.hex()[:100]
            elif field_id == 1:
                config[field_name] = BEACON_TYPES.get(value, f"Unknown({value})")
            else:
                config[field_name] = value

    return config


def extract_c2_indicators(config):
    """Extract C2 indicators from parsed config for threat intelligence."""
    indicators = {"c2_servers": [], "user_agents": [], "uris": [],
                  "pipes": [], "watermark": None, "dns": []}
    c2 = config.get("C2Server", "")
    if c2:
        for server in c2.split(","):
            server = server.strip().rstrip("/")
            if server:
                indicators["c2_servers"].append(server)
    ua = config.get("UserAgent", "")
    if ua:
        indicators["user_agents"].append(ua)
    for key in ["PostURI"]:
        uri = config.get(key, "")
        if uri:
            indicators["uris"].append(uri)
    pipe = config.get("PipeName", "")
    if pipe:
        indicators["pipes"].append(pipe)
    wm = config.get("Watermark")
    if wm:
        indicators["watermark"] = wm
    return indicators


def assess_operator_opsec(config):
    """Assess operator OPSEC based on beacon configuration."""
    findings = []
    sleep = config.get("SleepTime", 0)
    jitter = config.get("Jitter", 0)
    if sleep < 30000:
        findings.append({"level": "INFO", "detail": f"Low sleep time: {sleep}ms - high beacon frequency"})
    if jitter == 0:
        findings.append({"level": "WARN", "detail": "No jitter configured - predictable beacon interval"})
    ua = config.get("UserAgent", "")
    if "Mozilla" not in ua and ua:
        findings.append({"level": "WARN", "detail": f"Non-standard User-Agent: {ua[:60]}"})
    spawn86 = config.get("SpawnToX86", config.get("Spawnto_x86", ""))
    if "rundll32" in spawn86.lower():
        findings.append({"level": "INFO", "detail": "Default spawn-to process (rundll32) - easy to detect"})
    cleanup = config.get("StageCleanup", 0)
    if cleanup == 0:
        findings.append({"level": "INFO", "detail": "Stage cleanup disabled - beacon stub remains in memory"})
    return findings


if __name__ == "__main__":
    print("=" * 60)
    print("Cobalt Strike Beacon Configuration Extractor")
    print("C2 extraction, watermark analysis, OPSEC assessment")
    print("=" * 60)

    target = sys.argv[1] if len(sys.argv) > 1 else None

    if not target or not os.path.exists(target):
        print("\n[DEMO] Usage: python agent.py <beacon_sample.exe>")
        print("  Extracts: C2 servers, sleep/jitter, watermark, malleable profile")
        sys.exit(0)

    print(f"\n[*] Analyzing: {target}")
    print(f"[*] SHA-256: {compute_hash(target)}")
    print(f"[*] Size: {os.path.getsize(target)} bytes")

    config = extract_beacon_config(target)

    if "error" in config:
        print(f"\n[!] {config['error']}")
        sys.exit(1)

    print("\n--- Beacon Configuration ---")
    for key, value in config.items():
        if key == "_meta":
            for mk, mv in value.items():
                print(f"  {mk}: {mv}")
        else:
            print(f"  {key}: {value}")

    indicators = extract_c2_indicators(config)
    print("\n--- C2 Indicators ---")
    for c2 in indicators["c2_servers"]:
        print(f"  [C2] {c2}")
    if indicators["watermark"]:
        print(f"  [Watermark] {indicators['watermark']}")
    for pipe in indicators["pipes"]:
        print(f"  [Pipe] {pipe}")

    opsec = assess_operator_opsec(config)
    print("\n--- Operator OPSEC Assessment ---")
    for f in opsec:
        print(f"  [{f['level']}] {f['detail']}")

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Cobalt Strike Beacon Configuration Analyzer

Extracts and analyzes beacon configurations from PE files, shellcode,
and memory dumps using dissect.cobaltstrike and manual parsing.

Requirements:
    pip install dissect.cobaltstrike pefile yara-python

Usage:
    python process.py --file beacon.exe --output report.json
    python process.py --file memdump.bin --scan-memory
    python process.py --directory ./samples --batch
"""

import argparse
import json
import os
import struct
import sys
from collections import defaultdict
from datetime import datetime
from pathlib import Path

try:
    from dissect.cobaltstrike.beacon import BeaconConfig
except ImportError:
    print("ERROR: dissect.cobaltstrike not installed.")
    print("Run: pip install dissect.cobaltstrike")
    sys.exit(1)


# TLV field type mapping
TLV_FIELDS = {
    0x0001: ("BeaconType", "short"),
    0x0002: ("Port", "short"),
    0x0003: ("SleepTime", "int"),
    0x0004: ("MaxGetSize", "int"),
    0x0005: ("Jitter", "short"),
    0x0006: ("MaxDNS", "short"),
    0x0008: ("C2Server", "str"),
    0x0009: ("UserAgent", "str"),
    0x000a: ("PostURI", "str"),
    0x000b: ("Malleable_C2_Instructions", "blob"),
    0x000d: ("SpawnTo_x86", "str"),
    0x000e: ("SpawnTo_x64", "str"),
    0x000f: ("CryptoScheme", "short"),
    0x001a: ("Watermark", "int"),
    0x001d: ("HostHeader", "str"),
    0x0024: ("PipeName", "str"),
    0x0025: ("Year", "short"),
    0x0026: ("Month", "short"),
    0x0027: ("Day", "short"),
    0x002c: ("ProxyHostname", "str"),
    0x002d: ("ProxyUsername", "str"),
    0x002e: ("ProxyPassword", "str"),
}

BEACON_TYPES = {
    0: "HTTP",
    1: "Hybrid HTTP/DNS",
    2: "SMB",
    4: "TCP",
    8: "HTTPS",
    10: "TCP Bind",
    14: "External C2",
}


class BeaconAnalyzer:
    """Analyze Cobalt Strike beacon configurations."""

    def __init__(self):
        self.results = []

    def analyze_file(self, filepath):
        """Extract beacon config from a file."""
        filepath = Path(filepath)
        if not filepath.exists():
            print(f"[-] File not found: {filepath}")
            return None

        print(f"[*] Analyzing: {filepath}")

        # Try dissect.cobaltstrike first
        result = self._extract_with_dissect(filepath)

        # Fall back to manual extraction
        if not result:
            result = self._extract_manual(filepath)

        if result:
            result["source_file"] = str(filepath)
            result["analysis_time"] = datetime.now().isoformat()
            self.results.append(result)

        return result

    def _extract_with_dissect(self, filepath):
        """Extract config using dissect.cobaltstrike library."""
        try:
            configs = list(BeaconConfig.from_path(filepath))
            if not configs:
                return None

            config = configs[0]
            settings = config.as_dict()

            result = {
                "method": "dissect.cobaltstrike",
                "config": {},
                "indicators": {},
            }

            for key, value in settings.items():
                if value is not None:
                    result["config"][key] = str(value)

            result["indicators"] = self._extract_indicators(settings)
            return result

        except Exception as e:
            print(f"  [!] dissect extraction failed: {e}")
            return None

    def _extract_manual(self, filepath):
        """Manual XOR-based config extraction."""
        try:
            with open(filepath, "rb") as f:
                data = f.read()
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"  [!] Read failed: {e}")
            return None

        for xor_key in [0x2e, 0x69]:
            # Search for XOR'd config start marker
            magic = bytes([0x00 ^ xor_key, 0x01 ^ xor_key,
                           0x00 ^ xor_key, 0x02 ^ xor_key])

            offset = data.find(magic)
            if offset == -1:
                continue

            print(f"  [+] Config found at 0x{offset:x} (XOR key: 0x{xor_key:02x})")

            config_blob = data[offset:offset + 4096]
            decrypted = bytes([b ^ xor_key for b in config_blob])

            entries = self._parse_tlv(decrypted)
            if entries:
                return {
                    "method": "manual_xor",
                    "xor_key": f"0x{xor_key:02x}",
                    "config_offset": f"0x{offset:x}",
                    "config": entries,
                    "indicators": self._extract_indicators(entries),
                }

        return None

    def _parse_tlv(self, data):
        """Parse TLV configuration entries."""
        entries = {}
        offset = 0

        while offset + 6 <= len(data):
            try:
                entry_type = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset:offset+2])[0]
                data_type = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset+2:offset+4])[0]
                entry_len = struct.unpack(">H", data[offset+4:offset+6])[0]
            except struct.error:
                break

            if entry_type == 0 or entry_len > 4096:
                break

            value_data = data[offset+6:offset+6+entry_len]
            field_info = TLV_FIELDS.get(entry_type)

            if field_info:
                field_name, expected_type = field_info
            else:
                field_name = f"Unknown_0x{entry_type:04x}"
                expected_type = "blob"

            if data_type == 1 and len(value_data) >= 2:
                value = struct.unpack(">H", value_data[:2])[0]
            elif data_type == 2 and len(value_data) >= 4:
                value = struct.unpack(">I", value_data[:4])[0]
            elif data_type == 3:
                value = value_data.rstrip(b'\x00').decode('utf-8', errors='replace')
            else:
                value = value_data.hex()

            # Resolve beacon type names
            if field_name == "BeaconType" and isinstance(value, int):
                value = BEACON_TYPES.get(value, f"Unknown ({value})")

            entries[field_name] = value
            offset += 6 + entry_len

        return entries

    def _extract_indicators(self, config):
        """Extract IOCs from parsed configuration."""
        indicators = {
            "c2_servers": [],
            "user_agent": "",
            "named_pipes": [],
            "spawn_processes": [],
            "watermark": "",
            "beacon_type": "",
            "sleep_time_ms": 0,
            "jitter_pct": 0,
        }

        # Handle both dissect dict keys and manual parse keys
        c2_keys = ["SETTING_DOMAINS", "C2Server"]
        for key in c2_keys:
            domains = config.get(key, "")
            if domains:
                for d in str(domains).split(","):
                    d = d.strip().rstrip("/")
                    if d:
                        indicators["c2_servers"].append(d)

        ua_keys = ["SETTING_USERAGENT", "UserAgent"]
        for key in ua_keys:
            ua = config.get(key, "")
            if ua:
                indicators["user_agent"] = str(ua)

        pipe_keys = ["SETTING_PIPENAME", "PipeName"]
        for key in pipe_keys:
            pipe = config.get(key, "")
            if pipe:
                indicators["named_pipes"].append(str(pipe))

        spawn_keys = [
            ("SETTING_SPAWNTO_X86", "SpawnTo_x86"),
            ("SETTING_SPAWNTO_X64", "SpawnTo_x64"),
        ]
        for dissect_key, manual_key in spawn_keys:
            for key in [dissect_key, manual_key]:
                proc = config.get(key, "")
                if proc:
                    indicators["spawn_processes"].append(str(proc))

        wm_keys = ["SETTING_WATERMARK", "Watermark"]
        for key in wm_keys:
            wm = config.get(key, "")
            if wm:
                indicators["watermark"] = str(wm)

        return indicators

    def batch_analyze(self, directory):
        """Analyze all files in a directory."""
        directory = Path(directory)
        extensions = {".exe", ".dll", ".bin", ".dmp", ".raw"}

        for filepath in directory.rglob("*"):
            if filepath.suffix.lower() in extensions:
                self.analyze_file(filepath)

        return self.results

    def cluster_by_watermark(self):
        """Cluster analyzed beacons by watermark."""
        clusters = defaultdict(list)

        for result in self.results:
            wm = result.get("indicators", {}).get("watermark", "unknown")
            clusters[wm].append(result.get("source_file", "unknown"))

        return dict(clusters)

    def generate_report(self, output_path=None):
        """Generate JSON analysis report."""
        report = {
            "analysis_date": datetime.now().isoformat(),
            "total_beacons": len(self.results),
            "watermark_clusters": self.cluster_by_watermark(),
            "all_c2_servers": list(set(
                server
                for r in self.results
                for server in r.get("indicators", {}).get("c2_servers", [])
            )),
            "results": self.results,
        }

        if output_path:
            with open(output_path, "w") as f:
                json.dump(report, f, indent=2, default=str)
            print(f"[+] Report saved to {output_path}")

        return report


def main():
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
        description="Cobalt Strike Beacon Configuration Analyzer"
    )
    parser.add_argument("--file", help="Single file to analyze")
    parser.add_argument("--directory", help="Directory for batch analysis")
    parser.add_argument("--output", default="beacon_report.json",
                        help="Output report path")
    parser.add_argument("--scan-memory", action="store_true",
                        help="Treat input as raw memory dump")
    parser.add_argument("--batch", action="store_true",
                        help="Batch analyze directory")

    args = parser.parse_args()
    analyzer = BeaconAnalyzer()

    if args.file:
        result = analyzer.analyze_file(args.file)
        if result:
            print(json.dumps(result, indent=2, default=str))

    elif args.directory and args.batch:
        results = analyzer.batch_analyze(args.directory)
        print(f"\n[+] Analyzed {len(results)} beacons")

    else:
        parser.print_help()
        sys.exit(1)

    report = analyzer.generate_report(args.output)
    print(f"\n[+] Total C2 servers found: {len(report['all_c2_servers'])}")
    for server in report["all_c2_servers"]:
        print(f"    {server}")


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()