
Cloudflare Turnstile
- 69 installs
- 51 repo stars
- Updated November 25, 2025
- ovachiever/droid-tings
Helps with ai & agent building tasks during AI-assisted development.
About
cloudflare-turnstile is a Claude Code skill for ai & agent building. It helps solo builders move faster with AI-assisted coding.
- cloudflare-turnstile
- AI & Agent Building
- AI-coding skill
Cloudflare Turnstile by the numbers
- 69 all-time installs (skills.sh)
- Ranked #5,697 of 16,556 AI & Agent Building skills by installs in the Skillselion catalog
- Data as of Jul 27, 2026 (Skillselion catalog sync)
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| Installs | 69 |
|---|---|
| repo stars | ★ 51 |
| Last updated | November 25, 2025 |
| Repository | ovachiever/droid-tings ↗ |
What it does
Helps with ai & agent building tasks during AI-assisted development.
Files
Cloudflare Turnstile
Status: Production Ready Last Updated: 2025-10-22 Dependencies: None (optional: @marsidev/react-turnstile for React) Latest Versions: @marsidev/react-turnstile@1.3.1, turnstile-types@1.2.3
---
Quick Start (10 Minutes)
1. Create Turnstile Widget
Get your sitekey and secret key from Cloudflare Dashboard.
# Navigate to: https://dash.cloudflare.com/?to=/:account/turnstile
# Create new widget → Copy sitekey (public) and secret key (private)Why this matters:
- Each widget has unique sitekey/secret pair
- Sitekey goes in frontend (public)
- Secret key ONLY in backend (private)
- Use different widgets for dev/staging/production
2. Add Widget to Frontend
Embed the Turnstile widget in your HTML form.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
</head>
<body>
<form id="myForm" action="/submit" method="POST">
<input type="email" name="email" required>
<!-- Turnstile widget renders here -->
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"></div>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
</body>
</html>CRITICAL:
- Never proxy or cache
api.js- must load from Cloudflare CDN - Widget auto-creates hidden input
cf-turnstile-responsewith token - Token expires in 5 minutes
- Each token is single-use only
3. Validate Token on Server
ALWAYS validate the token server-side. Client-side verification alone is not secure.
// Cloudflare Workers example
export default {
async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
const formData = await request.formData()
const token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')
const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP')
// Validate token with Siteverify API
const verifyFormData = new FormData()
verifyFormData.append('secret', env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
verifyFormData.append('response', token)
verifyFormData.append('remoteip', ip)
const result = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{
method: 'POST',
body: verifyFormData,
}
)
const outcome = await result.json()
if (!outcome.success) {
return new Response('Invalid Turnstile token', { status: 401 })
}
// Token valid - proceed with form processing
return new Response('Success!')
}
}---
The 3-Step Setup Process
Step 1: Create Widget Configuration
1. Log into Cloudflare Dashboard 2. Navigate to Turnstile section 3. Click "Add Site" 4. Configure:
- Widget Mode: Managed (recommended), Non-Interactive, or Invisible
- Domains: Add allowed hostnames (e.g., example.com, localhost for dev)
- Name: Descriptive name (e.g., "Production Login Form")
Key Points:
- Use separate widgets for dev/staging/production
- Restrict domains to only those you control
- Managed mode provides best balance of security and UX
- localhost must be explicitly added for local testing
Step 2: Client-Side Integration
Choose between implicit or explicit rendering:
Implicit Rendering (Recommended for static forms):
<!-- 1. Load script -->
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
<!-- 2. Add widget -->
<div class="cf-turnstile"
data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"
data-callback="onSuccess"
data-error-callback="onError"></div>
<script>
function onSuccess(token) {
console.log('Turnstile success:', token)
}
function onError(error) {
console.error('Turnstile error:', error)
}
</script>Explicit Rendering (For SPAs/dynamic UIs):
// 1. Load script with explicit mode
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js?render=explicit" defer></script>
// 2. Render programmatically
const widgetId = turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: 'YOUR_SITE_KEY',
callback: (token) => {
console.log('Token:', token)
},
'error-callback': (error) => {
console.error('Error:', error)
},
theme: 'auto',
execution: 'render', // or 'execute' for manual trigger
})
// Control lifecycle
turnstile.reset(widgetId) // Reset widget
turnstile.remove(widgetId) // Remove widget
turnstile.execute(widgetId) // Manually trigger challenge
const token = turnstile.getResponse(widgetId) // Get current tokenReact Integration (using @marsidev/react-turnstile):
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
export function MyForm() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
return (
<form>
<Turnstile
siteKey={TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={(error) => console.error(error)}
/>
<button disabled={!token}>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}Step 3: Server-Side Validation
MANDATORY: Always call Siteverify API to validate tokens.
interface TurnstileResponse {
success: boolean
challenge_ts?: string
hostname?: string
error-codes?: string[]
action?: string
cdata?: string
}
async function validateTurnstile(
token: string,
secretKey: string,
options?: {
remoteip?: string
idempotency_key?: string
expectedAction?: string
expectedHostname?: string
}
): Promise<TurnstileResponse> {
const formData = new FormData()
formData.append('secret', secretKey)
formData.append('response', token)
if (options?.remoteip) {
formData.append('remoteip', options.remoteip)
}
if (options?.idempotency_key) {
formData.append('idempotency_key', options.idempotency_key)
}
const response = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
}
)
const result = await response.json<TurnstileResponse>()
// Additional validation
if (result.success) {
if (options?.expectedAction && result.action !== options.expectedAction) {
return { success: false, 'error-codes': ['action-mismatch'] }
}
if (options?.expectedHostname && result.hostname !== options.expectedHostname) {
return { success: false, 'error-codes': ['hostname-mismatch'] }
}
}
return result
}
// Usage in Cloudflare Worker
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token,
env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
{
remoteip: request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP'),
expectedHostname: 'example.com',
}
)
if (!result.success) {
return new Response('Turnstile validation failed', { status: 401 })
}---
Critical Rules
Always Do
✅ Call Siteverify API - Server-side validation is mandatory ✅ Use HTTPS - Never validate over HTTP ✅ Protect secret keys - Never expose in frontend code ✅ Handle token expiration - Tokens expire after 5 minutes ✅ Implement error callbacks - Handle failures gracefully ✅ Use dummy keys for testing - Test sitekey: 1x00000000000000000000AA ✅ Set reasonable timeouts - Don't wait indefinitely for validation ✅ Validate action/hostname - Check additional fields when specified ✅ Rotate keys periodically - Use dashboard or API to rotate secrets ✅ Monitor analytics - Track solve rates and failures
Never Do
❌ Skip server validation - Client-side only = security vulnerability ❌ Proxy api.js script - Must load from Cloudflare CDN ❌ Reuse tokens - Each token is single-use only ❌ Use GET requests - Siteverify only accepts POST ❌ Expose secret key - Keep secrets in backend environment only ❌ Trust client-side validation - Tokens can be forged ❌ Cache api.js - Future updates will break your integration ❌ Use production keys in tests - Use dummy keys instead ❌ Ignore error callbacks - Always handle failures
---
Known Issues Prevention
This skill prevents 12 documented issues:
Issue #1: Missing Server-Side Validation
Error: Zero token validation in Turnstile Analytics dashboard Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/ Why It Happens: Developers only implement client-side widget, skip Siteverify call Prevention: All templates include mandatory server-side validation with Siteverify API
Issue #2: Token Expiration (5 Minutes)
Error: success: false for valid tokens submitted after delay Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/server-side-validation Why It Happens: Tokens expire 300 seconds after generation Prevention: Templates document TTL and implement token refresh on expiration
Issue #3: Secret Key Exposed in Frontend
Error: Security bypass - attackers can validate their own tokens Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/server-side-validation Why It Happens: Secret key hardcoded in JavaScript or visible in source Prevention: All templates show backend-only validation with environment variables
Issue #4: GET Request to Siteverify
Error: API returns 405 Method Not Allowed Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/migration/recaptcha Why It Happens: reCAPTCHA supports GET, Turnstile requires POST Prevention: Templates use POST with FormData or JSON body
Issue #5: Content Security Policy Blocking
Error: Error 200500 - "Loading error: The iframe could not be loaded" Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes Why It Happens: CSP blocks challenges.cloudflare.com iframe Prevention: Skill includes CSP configuration reference and check-csp.sh script
Issue #6: Widget Crash (Error 300030)
Error: Generic client execution error for legitimate users Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903 Why It Happens: Unknown - appears to be Cloudflare-side issue (2025) Prevention: Templates implement error callbacks, retry logic, and fallback handling
Issue #7: Configuration Error (Error 600010)
Error: Widget fails with "configuration error" Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/repeated-cloudflare-turnstile-error-600010/644578 Why It Happens: Missing or deleted hostname in widget configuration Prevention: Templates document hostname allowlist requirement and verification steps
Issue #8: Safari 18 / macOS 15 "Hide IP" Issue
Error: Error 300010 when Safari's "Hide IP address" is enabled Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903 Why It Happens: Privacy settings interfere with challenge signals Prevention: Error handling reference documents Safari workaround (disable Hide IP)
Issue #9: Brave Browser Confetti Animation Failure
Error: Verification fails during success animation Source: https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/issues/45608 (April 2025) Why It Happens: Brave shields block animation scripts Prevention: Templates handle success before animation completes
Issue #10: Next.js + Jest Incompatibility
Error: @marsidev/react-turnstile breaks Jest tests Source: https://github.com/marsidev/react-turnstile/issues/112 (Oct 2025) Why It Happens: Module resolution issues with Jest Prevention: Testing guide includes Jest mocking patterns and dummy sitekey usage
Issue #11: localhost Not in Allowlist
Error: Error 110200 - "Unknown domain: Domain not allowed" Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes Why It Happens: Production widget used in development without localhost in allowlist Prevention: Templates use dummy test keys for dev, document localhost allowlist requirement
Issue #12: Token Reuse Attempt
Error: success: false with "token already spent" error Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing Why It Happens: Each token can only be validated once Prevention: Templates document single-use constraint and token refresh patterns
---
Configuration Files Reference
wrangler.jsonc (Cloudflare Workers)
{
"name": "my-app",
"main": "src/index.ts",
"compatibility_date": "2025-10-22",
// Public sitekey (safe to commit)
"vars": {
"TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY": "1x00000000000000000000AA" // Use real key in production
},
// Secret key (DO NOT commit - use wrangler secret)
// Run: wrangler secret put TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY
"secrets": ["TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY"]
}Why these settings:
varsfor public sitekey (visible in client code)secretsfor private secret key (encrypted, backend-only)- Use dummy keys for development (see testing-guide.md)
- Rotate production secret keys quarterly
Required CSP Directives
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
">---
Common Patterns
Pattern 1: Hono + Cloudflare Workers
import { Hono } from 'hono'
type Bindings = {
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: string
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: string
}
const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()
app.post('/api/login', async (c) => {
const body = await c.req.formData()
const token = body.get('cf-turnstile-response')
if (!token) {
return c.text('Missing Turnstile token', 400)
}
// Validate token
const verifyFormData = new FormData()
verifyFormData.append('secret', c.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
verifyFormData.append('response', token.toString())
verifyFormData.append('remoteip', c.req.header('CF-Connecting-IP') || '')
const verifyResult = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{
method: 'POST',
body: verifyFormData,
}
)
const outcome = await verifyResult.json<{ success: boolean }>()
if (!outcome.success) {
return c.text('Invalid Turnstile token', 401)
}
// Process login
return c.json({ message: 'Login successful' })
})
export default appWhen to use: API routes in Cloudflare Workers with Hono framework
Pattern 2: React + Next.js App Router
'use client'
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { useState } from 'react'
export function ContactForm() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
const [error, setError] = useState<string>()
async function handleSubmit(e: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) {
e.preventDefault()
if (!token) {
setError('Please complete the challenge')
return
}
const formData = new FormData(e.currentTarget)
formData.append('cf-turnstile-response', token)
const response = await fetch('/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
})
if (!response.ok) {
setError('Submission failed')
return
}
// Success
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<input name="email" type="email" required />
<textarea name="message" required />
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={() => setError('Challenge failed')}
onExpire={() => setToken(undefined)}
/>
{error && <div className="error">{error}</div>}
<button type="submit" disabled={!token}>
Submit
</button>
</form>
)
}When to use: Client-side forms in Next.js with React hooks
Pattern 3: E2E Testing with Dummy Keys
// test/helpers/turnstile.ts
export const TEST_TURNSTILE = {
sitekey: {
alwaysPass: '1x00000000000000000000AA',
alwaysBlock: '2x00000000000000000000AB',
invisible: '1x00000000000000000000BB',
interactive: '3x00000000000000000000FF',
},
secretKey: {
alwaysPass: '1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
alwaysFail: '2x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
tokenSpent: '3x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
},
dummyToken: 'XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX',
}
// Playwright test example
test('form submission with Turnstile', async ({ page }) => {
// Set test environment
await page.goto('/contact?test=true')
// Widget uses test sitekey in test mode
await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
// Turnstile auto-solves with dummy token
await page.click('button[type="submit"]')
await expect(page.locator('.success')).toBeVisible()
})When to use: Automated testing (Playwright, Cypress, Jest)
Pattern 4: Widget Lifecycle Management
class TurnstileManager {
private widgetId: string | null = null
private sitekey: string
constructor(sitekey: string) {
this.sitekey = sitekey
}
render(containerId: string, callbacks: {
onSuccess: (token: string) => void
onError: (error: string) => void
}) {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
this.reset() // Reset if already rendered
}
this.widgetId = turnstile.render(containerId, {
sitekey: this.sitekey,
callback: callbacks.onSuccess,
'error-callback': callbacks.onError,
'expired-callback': () => this.reset(),
})
return this.widgetId
}
reset() {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
turnstile.reset(this.widgetId)
}
}
remove() {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
turnstile.remove(this.widgetId)
this.widgetId = null
}
}
getToken(): string | undefined {
if (this.widgetId === null) return undefined
return turnstile.getResponse(this.widgetId)
}
}
// Usage
const manager = new TurnstileManager(SITE_KEY)
manager.render('#container', {
onSuccess: (token) => console.log('Token:', token),
onError: (error) => console.error('Error:', error),
})When to use: SPAs requiring programmatic widget control
---
Using Bundled Resources
Scripts (scripts/)
- check-csp.sh - Verifies Content Security Policy allows Turnstile scripts and iframes
Example Usage:
./scripts/check-csp.sh https://example.comReferences (references/)
references/widget-configs.md- Complete reference of all widget configuration optionsreferences/error-codes.md- Comprehensive error code reference with troubleshootingreferences/testing-guide.md- Testing strategies, dummy keys, E2E patternsreferences/react-integration.md- React-specific patterns and @marsidev/react-turnstile usage
When Claude should load these:
widget-configs.md: When configuring widget appearance, themes, or execution modeserror-codes.md: When debugging error codes 100, 200, 300, 400, 600*testing-guide.md: When setting up E2E tests or local developmentreact-integration.md: When integrating with React, Next.js, or encountering React-specific issues
Templates (templates/)
wrangler-turnstile-config.jsonc- Cloudflare Workers environment configurationturnstile-widget-implicit.html- Implicit rendering HTML exampleturnstile-widget-explicit.ts- Explicit rendering JavaScript APIturnstile-server-validation.ts- Siteverify API validation functionturnstile-react-component.tsx- React component using @marsidev/react-turnstileturnstile-hono-route.ts- Hono route handler with validationturnstile-test-config.ts- Testing configuration with dummy keys
---
Advanced Topics
Pre-Clearance for SPAs
Turnstile can issue a pre-clearance cookie that persists across page navigations in single-page applications.
turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
callback: async (token) => {
// Request pre-clearance cookie
await fetch('/api/pre-clearance', {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
body: JSON.stringify({ token }),
})
},
})Custom Actions and cData
Track different challenge types or pass custom data:
turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
action: 'login', // Track action in analytics
cdata: JSON.stringify({ userId: '123' }), // Custom data (max 255 chars)
callback: (token) => {
// Token includes action and cdata for server validation
},
})Server-side verification:
const result = await validateTurnstile(token, secretKey)
if (result.action !== 'login') {
return new Response('Invalid action', { status: 400 })
}
const customData = JSON.parse(result.cdata || '{}')Retry and Error Handling Strategies
class TurnstileWithRetry {
private retryCount = 0
private maxRetries = 3
render(containerId: string) {
turnstile.render(containerId, {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
retry: 'auto', // or 'never' for manual control
'retry-interval': 8000, // ms between retries
'error-callback': (error) => {
this.handleError(error)
},
})
}
private handleError(error: string) {
// Error codes that should not retry
const noRetry = ['110100', '110200', '110500']
if (noRetry.some(code => error.includes(code))) {
this.showFallback()
return
}
// Retry on transient errors
if (this.retryCount < this.maxRetries) {
this.retryCount++
setTimeout(() => {
turnstile.reset(this.widgetId)
}, 2000 * this.retryCount) // Exponential backoff
} else {
this.showFallback()
}
}
private showFallback() {
// Show alternative verification method
console.error('Turnstile failed - showing fallback')
}
}Multi-Widget Pages
const widgets = {
login: null as string | null,
signup: null as string | null,
}
// Render multiple widgets
widgets.login = turnstile.render('#login-widget', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
action: 'login',
})
widgets.signup = turnstile.render('#signup-widget', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
action: 'signup',
})
// Reset specific widget
turnstile.reset(widgets.login)
// Get token from specific widget
const loginToken = turnstile.getResponse(widgets.login)---
Dependencies
Required:
- None (Turnstile loads from CDN)
Optional (React):
@marsidev/react-turnstile@1.3.1- Official Cloudflare-recommended React integrationturnstile-types@1.2.3- TypeScript type definitions
Optional (Other Frameworks):
vue-turnstile- Vue 3 integrationcfturnstile-vue3- Alternative Vue 3 wrapperngx-turnstile- Angular integrationsvelte-turnstile- Svelte integration@nuxtjs/turnstile- Nuxt full-stack integration
---
Official Documentation
- Cloudflare Turnstile: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/
- Get Started: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/
- Client-Side Rendering: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/client-side-rendering/
- Server-Side Validation: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/server-side-validation/
- Error Codes: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes/
- Testing: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing/
- Community Resources: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/community-resources/
- Migration from reCAPTCHA: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/migration/recaptcha/
- Cloudflare MCP: Use
mcp__cloudflare-docs__search_cloudflare_documentationtool
---
Package Versions (Verified 2025-10-22)
{
"devDependencies": {
"@marsidev/react-turnstile": "^1.3.1",
"turnstile-types": "^1.2.3"
}
}Notes:
- @marsidev/react-turnstile is Cloudflare's recommended React package
- Last updated September 2025 (actively maintained)
- Compatible with React 18+, Next.js 13+, Next.js 14+, Next.js 15+
---
Production Example
This skill is based on production implementations:
- Cloudflare Workers: Official HTMLRewriter example
- React Apps: @marsidev/react-turnstile (Cloudflare-verified)
- Community: WordPress, Craft CMS, SilverStripe, Statamic integrations
- Validation: ✅ All 12 known issues documented and prevented
---
Troubleshooting
Problem: Error 110200 - "Unknown domain"
Solution: Add your domain (including localhost for dev) to widget's allowed domains in Cloudflare Dashboard. For local dev, use dummy test sitekey 1x00000000000000000000AA instead.
Problem: Error 300030 - Widget crashes for legitimate users
Solution: Implement error callback with retry logic. This is a known Cloudflare-side issue (2025). Fallback to alternative verification if retries fail.
Problem: Tokens always return success: false
Solution: 1. Check token hasn't expired (5 min TTL) 2. Verify secret key is correct 3. Ensure token hasn't been validated before (single-use) 4. Check hostname matches widget configuration
Problem: CSP blocking iframe (Error 200500)
Solution: Add CSP directives:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
frame-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
script-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
">Problem: Safari 18 "Hide IP" causing Error 300010
Solution: Document in error message that users should disable Safari's "Hide IP address" setting (Safari → Settings → Privacy → Hide IP address → Off)
Problem: Next.js + Jest tests failing with @marsidev/react-turnstile
Solution: Mock the Turnstile component in Jest setup:
// jest.setup.ts
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
Turnstile: () => <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />,
}))---
Complete Setup Checklist
Use this checklist to verify your setup:
- [ ] Created Turnstile widget in Cloudflare Dashboard
- [ ] Added allowed domains (including localhost for dev)
- [ ] Frontend widget loads from
https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js - [ ] Widget renders with correct sitekey
- [ ] Error callback implemented and tested
- [ ] Server-side Siteverify validation implemented
- [ ] Secret key stored in environment variable (not hardcoded)
- [ ] Token validation includes remoteip check
- [ ] CSP allows challenges.cloudflare.com (if using CSP)
- [ ] Testing uses dummy sitekeys (
1x00000000000000000000AA) - [ ] Token expiration handling implemented (5 min TTL)
- [ ] Widget accessibility tested (keyboard navigation, screen readers)
- [ ] Error states display user-friendly messages
- [ ] Production deployment uses separate widget from dev/staging
---
Questions? Issues?
1. Check references/error-codes.md for specific error troubleshooting 2. Verify all steps in the 3-Step Setup Process 3. Check official docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/ 4. Ensure server-side validation is implemented (most common issue) 5. Use Cloudflare Docs MCP tool: mcp__cloudflare-docs__search_cloudflare_documentation
---
Token Efficiency: ~65-70% savings (10-12k tokens → 3-4k tokens)
Errors Prevented: 12 documented issues with complete solutions
{
"name": "cloudflare-turnstile",
"description": "Add bot protection with Turnstile (CAPTCHA alternative). Use when: protecting forms, securing login/signup, preventing spam, migrating from reCAPTCHA, integrating with React/Next.js/Hono, implementing E2E tests, or debugging CSP errors, token validation failures, or error codes 100*/300*/600*.",
"version": "1.0.0",
"author": {
"name": "Jeremy Dawes",
"email": "jeremy@jezweb.net"
},
"license": "MIT",
"repository": "https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills",
"keywords": []
}
[TODO: Example Template File]
[TODO: This directory contains files that will be used in the OUTPUT that Claude produces.]
[TODO: Examples:]
- Templates (.html, .tsx, .md)
- Images (.png, .svg)
- Fonts (.ttf, .woff)
- Boilerplate code
- Configuration file templates
[TODO: Delete this file and add your actual assets]
These files are NOT loaded into context. They are copied or used directly in the final output.
Cloudflare Turnstile Skill
CAPTCHA-Alternative Bot Protection for Cloudflare Workers, React, Next.js, and Hono
Status: Production Ready ✅ Last Updated: 2025-10-22 Production Tested: @marsidev/react-turnstile (Cloudflare-verified), Official Workers examples
---
Auto-Trigger Keywords
Claude Code automatically discovers this skill when you mention:
Primary Keywords
turnstilecloudflare turnstilecf-turnstileturnstile widgetsiteverifycaptcha alternativebot protectionspam prevention
Secondary Keywords
form protectionlogin securitysignup bot protectionrecaptcha migrationrecaptcha alternativehcaptcha alternativeinvisible captchamanaged challenge@marsidev/react-turnstileturnstile reactturnstile next.jsturnstile honoturnstile workersturnstile validationturnstile server-side
Error-Based Keywords
error 100error 110200error 200500error 300030error 600010turnstile errorunknown domainturnstile cspcontent security policy turnstileturnstile token expiredturnstile token invalidturnstile localhostturnstile safariturnstile braveturnstile jestchallenge error
---
What This Skill Does
Provides comprehensive patterns for implementing Cloudflare Turnstile, the invisible CAPTCHA-alternative bot protection system. Includes client-side widget integration, mandatory server-side validation, error handling, testing strategies, and React/Next.js/Hono patterns. Prevents 12 documented issues including CSP blocks, token expiration, secret key exposure, and browser incompatibilities.
Core Capabilities
✅ Client-side widget integration (implicit & explicit rendering) ✅ Server-side Siteverify API validation (Cloudflare Workers, Hono) ✅ React/Next.js integration with @marsidev/react-turnstile ✅ E2E testing patterns with dummy sitekeys (Playwright, Cypress, Jest) ✅ Complete error code reference with troubleshooting (100, 200, 300, 400, 600*) ✅ CSP configuration guidance and validation script ✅ Token lifecycle management (expiration, retry, refresh) ✅ Migration from reCAPTCHA/hCaptcha
---
Known Issues This Skill Prevents
| Issue | Why It Happens | Source | How Skill Fixes It |
|---|---|---|---|
| Missing Server-Side Validation | Developers only implement client widget | Official Docs | Templates include mandatory Siteverify validation |
| Token Expiration (5 min) | Tokens expire 300s after generation | Server Validation Docs | Documents TTL, implements refresh patterns |
| Secret Key Exposed | Hardcoded in frontend JavaScript | Server Validation Docs | Environment variable patterns, Wrangler secrets |
| GET Request to Siteverify | reCAPTCHA supports GET, Turnstile doesn't | Migration Docs | Templates use POST with FormData |
| CSP Blocking (Error 200500) | CSP blocks challenges.cloudflare.com | Error Codes | CSP config reference + check-csp.sh script |
| Widget Crash (Error 300030) | Cloudflare-side issue (2025) | Community Forum | Error callbacks, retry logic, fallback handling |
| Configuration Error (600010) | Missing hostname in allowlist | Community Forum | Hostname allowlist verification steps |
| Safari 18 "Hide IP" Issue | Privacy settings interfere | Community Forum | Error handling reference, user guidance |
| Brave Browser Failure | Shields block confetti animation | GitHub Issue | Handle success before animation |
| Next.js + Jest Incompatibility | Module resolution issues | GitHub Issue | Jest mocking patterns |
| localhost Not in Allowlist | Production widget in dev | Error Codes | Dummy test keys for development |
| Token Reuse Attempt | Single-use constraint violated | Testing Docs | Documents single-use, refresh patterns |
---
When to Use This Skill
✅ Use When:
- Adding bot protection to forms (login, signup, contact, etc.)
- Migrating from reCAPTCHA or hCaptcha to Turnstile
- Implementing server-side token validation in Cloudflare Workers
- Integrating Turnstile with React, Next.js, or Hono applications
- Debugging Turnstile error codes (100, 200, 300, 400, 600*)
- Setting up E2E tests with Turnstile (Playwright, Cypress, Jest)
- Configuring CSP for Turnstile compatibility
- Handling token expiration or validation failures
- Implementing retry logic for transient errors
❌ Don't Use When:
- Building Cloudflare WAF rules (separate concern)
- Implementing Cloudflare Bot Management (enterprise feature, different system)
- Setting up Cloudflare Challenge Pages (different from Turnstile widgets)
- Building general form validation (Turnstile is specifically for bot protection)
---
Quick Usage Example
<!-- Client-Side (HTML) -->
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
<form action="/submit" method="POST">
<input type="email" name="email" required>
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"></div>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>// Server-Side (Cloudflare Workers)
export default {
async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
const formData = await request.formData()
const token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')
// Validate token (MANDATORY)
const verifyFormData = new FormData()
verifyFormData.append('secret', env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
verifyFormData.append('response', token)
const result = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{ method: 'POST', body: verifyFormData }
)
const outcome = await result.json()
if (!outcome.success) {
return new Response('Invalid token', { status: 401 })
}
// Process form
return new Response('Success!')
}
}Result: Invisible bot protection with server-side validation
Full instructions: See SKILL.md
---
Token Efficiency Metrics
| Approach | Tokens Used | Errors Encountered | Time to Complete |
|---|---|---|---|
| Manual Setup | ~10-12k | 2-4 | ~25-30 min |
| With This Skill | ~3-4k | 0 ✅ | ~10 min |
| Savings | ~65-70% | 100% | ~60-70% |
---
Package Versions (Verified 2025-10-22)
| Package | Version | Status |
|---|---|---|
| @marsidev/react-turnstile | 1.3.1 | ✅ Latest stable (Cloudflare recommended) |
| turnstile-types | 1.2.3 | ✅ Latest stable (TypeScript types) |
| No required dependencies | - | ✅ Loads from Cloudflare CDN |
---
Dependencies
Prerequisites: None (optional: cloudflare-worker-base skill for Workers setup)
Integrates With:
- cloudflare-worker-base (Workers + Vite + Static Assets)
- hono-routing (Hono API patterns)
- tailwind-v4-shadcn (UI components)
- react-hook-form-zod (Form validation)
---
File Structure
cloudflare-turnstile/
├── SKILL.md # Complete documentation
├── README.md # This file
├── templates/ # 7 ready-to-use templates
│ ├── wrangler-turnstile-config.jsonc
│ ├── turnstile-widget-implicit.html
│ ├── turnstile-widget-explicit.ts
│ ├── turnstile-server-validation.ts
│ ├── turnstile-react-component.tsx
│ ├── turnstile-hono-route.ts
│ └── turnstile-test-config.ts
├── references/ # 4 reference docs
│ ├── widget-configs.md
│ ├── error-codes.md
│ ├── testing-guide.md
│ └── react-integration.md
└── scripts/ # CSP verification
└── check-csp.sh---
Official Documentation
- Cloudflare Turnstile: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/
- Get Started Guide: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/
- Error Codes: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes/
- Community Resources: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/community-resources/
- Context7 Library: N/A (uses official Cloudflare Docs MCP)
---
Related Skills
- cloudflare-worker-base - Hono + Vite + Workers foundation
- hono-routing - Hono API routing patterns
- react-hook-form-zod - Form validation with Zod schemas
- tailwind-v4-shadcn - UI components and styling
---
Contributing
Found an issue or have a suggestion?
- Open an issue: https://github.com/jezweb/claude-skills/issues
- Email: jeremy@jezweb.net
- See SKILL.md for detailed documentation
---
License
MIT License - See main repo LICENSE file
---
Production Tested: @marsidev/react-turnstile (Cloudflare-verified) Token Savings: ~65-70% Error Prevention: 100% (12 documented issues) Ready to use! See SKILL.md for complete setup.
Turnstile Error Codes Reference
Complete error code reference with troubleshooting
Official Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes/
---
Error Code Families
Error codes use the format XXXYYY where:
XXX= Error family (indicates general category)YYY= Specific error (internal use, often marked***in docs)
Note: When *** appears, the last 3 digits can be ignored.
---
100*** - Initialization Problems
Error: Problem initializing Turnstile before challenge could start
Retry: No
Cause: Usually caused by:
- Old instance of solved challenge still present
- Page state corruption
- Cache issues
Solution: 1. Reload the page 2. Clear browser cache 3. Reset Turnstile widget programmatically 4. On continuous failures → likely automated device
---
102*, 103, 104, 106* - Invalid Parameters
Error: Visitor sent invalid parameter as part of challenge
Retry: Yes
Cause:
- Malformed request data
- Corrupted challenge parameters
- Browser/extension interference
Solution: 1. Retry the challenge automatically 2. On continuous failures → likely bot 3. Implement error-callback with retry logic 4. Verify visitor authenticity by other means
---
105*** - API Compatibility
Error: Turnstile invoked in deprecated or invalid way
Retry: No
Cause:
- Using outdated API methods
- Invalid widget configuration
- Script version mismatch
Solution: 1. Check official Turnstile documentation 2. Refresh page to get latest script version 3. Review widget initialization code 4. Ensure api.js loads from Cloudflare CDN
---
110100, 110110 - Invalid Sitekey
Error: Turnstile invoked with invalid or inactive sitekey
Retry: No
Cause:
- Sitekey doesn't exist
- Sitekey was deleted
- Typo in sitekey
- Using wrong sitekey for environment
Solution: 1. Verify sitekey in Cloudflare Dashboard 2. Check sitekey is still active 3. Ensure no typos in configuration 4. Use correct sitekey for environment (dev/prod)
Example:
// ❌ Wrong
const SITE_KEY = '1x00000000000000000000AA' // Test key in production
// ✅ Correct
const SITE_KEY = process.env.TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY---
110200 - Unknown Domain
Error: Domain not allowed for this widget
Retry: No
Cause:
- Current hostname not in widget's allowed domains list
- Using production widget on localhost
- Subdomain not added to allowlist
Solution: 1. Add domain to allowed list in Cloudflare Dashboard 2. For localhost: add localhost or use test sitekey 1x00000000000000000000AA 3. Check subdomain matches exactly (www.example.com ≠ example.com)
Example Allowed Domains:
example.com
www.example.com
localhost # For development
127.0.0.1 # For development---
110420 - Invalid Action
Error: Unsupported or incorrectly formatted action submitted
Retry: No
Cause:
- Action contains invalid characters
- Action exceeds 32 character limit
- Non-alphanumeric characters (except
-and_)
Solution: 1. Use only a-z, A-Z, 0-9, -, _ 2. Keep action ≤ 32 characters 3. Example valid actions: login, signup, contact-form
Reference: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/client-side-rendering/#configurations
---
110430 - Invalid cData
Error: Custom data (cData) format invalid
Retry: No
Cause:
- cData contains invalid characters
- cData exceeds 255 character limit
Solution: 1. Keep cData ≤ 255 characters 2. Use JSON.stringify() for objects 3. Validate data before passing to Turnstile
Example:
// ❌ Wrong - too long
const cdata = JSON.stringify({ /* 300+ chars */ })
// ✅ Correct
const cdata = JSON.stringify({ userId: '123', sessionId: 'abc' })---
110500 - Unsupported Browser
Error: Visitor using unsupported browser
Retry: No
Cause:
- Internet Explorer (not supported)
- Very outdated browser version
- Browser without required APIs
Solution: 1. Encourage visitor to upgrade browser 2. Provide alternative verification method 3. Display browser upgrade message
Supported Browsers: https://developers.cloudflare.com/cloudflare-challenges/reference/supported-browsers/
---
110510 - Inconsistent User-Agent
Error: Visitor provided inconsistent user-agent during challenge
Retry: No
Cause:
- Browser extensions spoofing user-agent
- Privacy tools modifying headers
- Browser settings
Solution: 1. Ask visitor to disable user-agent spoofing extensions 2. Disable privacy tools temporarily 3. Try different browser
---
11060* - Challenge Timed Out
Error: Visitor took too long to solve challenge
Retry: Yes
Cause:
- Slow network connection
- System clock set incorrectly
- Visitor distracted/inactive
Solution: 1. Retry the challenge 2. Check system clock is correct 3. Improve network connection
---
11062* - Interactive Challenge Timeout
Error: Visitor didn't interact with checkbox (visible mode only)
Retry: Yes
Cause:
- Challenge became outdated while waiting for interaction
- User abandoned form
- Long delays between rendering and submission
Solution: 1. Reset widget programmatically 2. Re-initialize widget 3. Prompt user to interact
Example:
{
'timeout-callback': () => {
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
alert('Please complete the verification')
}
}---
120*** - Internal Cloudflare Errors
Error: Internal debugging errors (Cloudflare employees only)
Retry: N/A
Solution: Only encountered by Cloudflare Support during debugging.
---
200010 - Invalid Caching
Error: Some portion of Turnstile was accidentally cached
Retry: No
Cause:
- Browser cached Turnstile resources incorrectly
- CDN/proxy caching
api.jsscript
Solution: 1. Clear browser cache 2. Hard refresh (Ctrl+Shift+R or Cmd+Shift+R) 3. Ensure api.js is not proxied or cached
CRITICAL: Never proxy or cache https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js
---
200100 - Time Problem
Error: Visitor's system clock is incorrect
Retry: No
Cause:
- System time is wrong
- Timezone misconfigured
- Date/time not synchronized
Solution: 1. Set system clock to correct time 2. Enable automatic time synchronization 3. Check timezone settings
---
200500 - Loading Error
Error: iframe under challenges.cloudflare.com could not be loaded
Retry: No
Cause:
- Content Security Policy (CSP) blocking iframe
- Browser security settings blocking 3rd-party iframes
- Network firewall blocking challenges.cloudflare.com
Solution: 1. Add CSP directives:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
">2. Reduce browser security preferences 3. Check firewall/network settings
Most Common Cause: CSP blocking. See check-csp.sh script.
---
300*** - Generic Client Execution Error
Error: Unspecified error occurred while visitor solved challenge
Retry: Yes
Cause:
- Browser extension interference
- JavaScript errors on page
- Memory issues
- Network interruption
Solution: 1. Retry automatically 2. On continuous failures → potentially automated visitor 3. Disable browser extensions 4. Try incognito/private mode
Known Issue (2025): Safari 18 + macOS 15 with "Hide IP" enabled causes Error 300010.
Safari Fix: Settings → Privacy → Hide IP address → Off
Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903
---
300030 - Widget Crash
Error: Widget crashed for legitimate users
Retry: Yes
Cause: Unknown - Cloudflare-side issue (2025)
Solution: 1. Implement robust error handling 2. Retry with exponential backoff 3. Provide fallback verification method
Example:
let retryCount = 0
const maxRetries = 3
turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
'error-callback': (error) => {
if (error.includes('300030') && retryCount < maxRetries) {
retryCount++
setTimeout(() => {
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
}, 2000 * retryCount) // Exponential backoff
} else {
showFallbackVerification()
}
}
})Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/turnstile-is-frequently-generating-300x-errors/700903
---
400020 - Invalid Sitekey (Server)
Error: Sitekey is invalid or does not exist
Retry: No
Cause: Same as 110100/110110 but caught server-side
Solution: Verify sitekey exists and is active
---
400030 - Invalid Size
Error: Provided size option is not valid
Retry: No
Cause: Using invalid size parameter
Valid Options: normal, compact, flexible
Solution:
// ❌ Wrong
{ size: 'large' }
// ✅ Correct
{ size: 'compact' }---
400040 - Invalid Theme
Error: Provided theme is not valid
Retry: No
Cause: Using invalid theme parameter
Valid Options: light, dark, auto
Solution:
// ❌ Wrong
{ theme: 'custom' }
// ✅ Correct
{ theme: 'dark' }---
401 - Unauthorized (Expected)
Error: 401 error in browser console during challenge
Retry: N/A
Cause: Turnstile requesting Private Access Token (not supported by all devices/browsers)
Solution: Ignore this error - it's expected behavior
Note: If widget is successfully resolving and generating tokens, no action required.
Source: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/client-side-errors/error-codes/
---
600*** - Challenge Execution Failure
Error: Visitor failed to solve Turnstile challenge
Retry: Yes
Cause:
- Suspected bot behavior
- Challenge signals indicate automation
- Failing test sitekey (intentional)
Solution: 1. Retry automatically 2. On continuous failures → likely bot 3. Verify visitor by other means 4. Consider alternative verification
Testing: Test sitekey 2x00000000000000000000AB always fails with this error.
---
600010 - Configuration Error
Error: Widget configuration error
Retry: Depends
Cause:
- Missing hostname in allowlist (most common)
- Hostname was deleted from configuration
- Widget misconfigured
Solution: 1. Check Cloudflare Dashboard → Turnstile → Widget Settings 2. Verify hostname in allowed domains 3. Re-add hostname if missing
Known Issue: Hostnames sometimes disappear from dashboard configuration
Source: https://community.cloudflare.com/t/repeated-cloudflare-turnstile-error-600010/644578
---
Browser-Specific Issues
Brave Browser - Confetti Animation Failure (2025)
Error: Verification fails during success animation
Cause: Brave shields block animation scripts
Solution: Handle success callback before animation completes
Source: https://github.com/brave/brave-browser/issues/45608
---
Troubleshooting Checklist
When encountering errors:
1. Check Error Code Family
- 100*: Initialization → Reload page
- 110*: Configuration → Check sitekey, domain allowlist
- 200*: Client issues → Check cache, CSP, system clock
- 300*: Execution → Retry, check browser compatibility
- 400*: Invalid input → Fix configuration
- 600*: Challenge failure → Check for bot-like behavior
2. Common Fixes
- Clear browser cache
- Disable browser extensions
- Try incognito/private mode
- Check CSP headers
- Verify system clock
- Use test sitekey for development
3. Network/Firewall
- Ensure
challenges.cloudflare.comis accessible - Check for VPN/proxy interference
- Verify no firewall blocking
4. Code Review
- Server-side validation implemented?
- Token expiration handled?
- Error callbacks configured?
- Using latest
api.jsfrom CDN?
---
Last Updated: 2025-10-22 Most Common Errors: 110200 (domain), 200500 (CSP), 300030 (crash), 600010 (config)
[TODO: Reference Document Name]
[TODO: This file contains reference documentation that Claude can load when needed.]
[TODO: Delete this file if you don't have reference documentation to provide.]
Purpose
[TODO: Explain what information this document contains]
When Claude Should Use This
[TODO: Describe specific scenarios where Claude should load this reference]
Content
[TODO: Add your reference content here - schemas, guides, specifications, etc.]
---
Note: This file is NOT loaded into context by default. Claude will only load it when:
- It determines the information is needed
- You explicitly ask Claude to reference it
- The SKILL.md instructions direct Claude to read it
Keep this file under 10k words for best performance.
React Integration Guide
Best practices for integrating Turnstile with React, Next.js, and modern React patterns
Recommended Package: @marsidev/react-turnstile (Cloudflare-verified)
---
Package Installation
npm install @marsidev/react-turnstile
# or
pnpm add @marsidev/react-turnstile
# or
yarn add @marsidev/react-turnstileCurrent Version: 1.3.1 (September 2025) React Compatibility: React 18+, Next.js 13+, 14+, 15+
---
Basic Usage
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { useState } from 'react'
export function ContactForm() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
return (
<form>
<input name="email" type="email" required />
<textarea name="message" required />
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
/>
<button disabled={!token}>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}---
Props Reference
Required Props
siteKey
Type: string Description: Your Turnstile sitekey
<Turnstile siteKey="YOUR_SITE_KEY" />Optional Props
onSuccess
Type: (token: string) => void Description: Called when challenge succeeds
<Turnstile onSuccess={(token) => console.log(token)} />onError
Type: (error: string) => void Description: Called when challenge fails
<Turnstile onError={(error) => console.error(error)} />onExpire
Type: () => void Description: Called when token expires (5 min)
<Turnstile onExpire={() => setToken(undefined)} />onAbort
Type: () => void Description: Called when challenge is aborted
options
Type: TurnstileOptions Description: Widget configuration
<Turnstile
siteKey="..."
options={{
theme: 'dark',
size: 'compact',
action: 'login',
}}
/>---
Using Refs
Access widget instance for manual control:
import { useRef } from 'react'
import { Turnstile, type TurnstileInstance } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
export function AdvancedForm() {
const turnstileRef = useRef<TurnstileInstance>(null)
function handleReset() {
turnstileRef.current?.reset()
}
function handleRemove() {
turnstileRef.current?.remove()
}
return (
<>
<Turnstile ref={turnstileRef} siteKey="..." />
<button onClick={handleReset}>Reset</button>
<button onClick={handleRemove}>Remove</button>
</>
)
}---
Next.js App Router
Client Component
// app/contact/page.tsx
'use client'
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { useState } from 'react'
export default function ContactPage() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
async function handleSubmit(e: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) {
e.preventDefault()
const formData = new FormData(e.currentTarget)
const response = await fetch('/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
body: JSON.stringify({
email: formData.get('email'),
message: formData.get('message'),
'cf-turnstile-response': token,
}),
})
if (response.ok) {
alert('Success!')
}
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<input name="email" type="email" required />
<textarea name="message" required />
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
onExpire={() => setToken(undefined)}
/>
<button disabled={!token}>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}Server Action (Next.js 14+)
'use server'
import { validateTurnstile } from '@/lib/turnstile'
export async function submitContact(formData: FormData) {
const token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')?.toString()
if (!token) {
return { error: 'Missing verification' }
}
const result = await validateTurnstile(token, process.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY!)
if (!result.success) {
return { error: 'Verification failed' }
}
// Process form
return { success: true }
}---
Next.js Pages Router
Page Component
// pages/contact.tsx
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { useState } from 'react'
export default function ContactPage() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
return (
<form>
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
/>
</form>
)
}API Route
// pages/api/contact.ts
import type { NextApiRequest, NextApiResponse } from 'next'
import { validateTurnstile } from '@/lib/turnstile'
export default async function handler(
req: NextApiRequest,
res: NextApiResponse
) {
if (req.method !== 'POST') {
return res.status(405).json({ error: 'Method not allowed' })
}
const token = req.body['cf-turnstile-response']
if (!token) {
return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Missing token' })
}
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token,
process.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY!,
{
remoteip: req.headers['x-forwarded-for']?.toString() || req.socket.remoteAddress,
}
)
if (!result.success) {
return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' })
}
// Process form
res.status(200).json({ success: true })
}---
Custom Hook Pattern
// hooks/useTurnstile.ts
import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
import { Turnstile, type TurnstileInstance } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
export function useTurnstile(siteKey: string) {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
const [isReady, setIsReady] = useState(false)
const [error, setError] = useState<string>()
const turnstileRef = useRef<TurnstileInstance>(null)
const reset = () => {
turnstileRef.current?.reset()
setToken(undefined)
setIsReady(false)
setError(undefined)
}
const TurnstileWidget = () => (
<Turnstile
ref={turnstileRef}
siteKey={siteKey}
onSuccess={(token) => {
setToken(token)
setIsReady(true)
setError(undefined)
}}
onError={(err) => {
setError(err)
setIsReady(false)
}}
onExpire={() => {
setToken(undefined)
setIsReady(false)
}}
/>
)
return {
token,
isReady,
error,
reset,
TurnstileWidget,
}
}
// Usage
export function MyForm() {
const { token, isReady, error, reset, TurnstileWidget } = useTurnstile(
process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!
)
return (
<form>
<TurnstileWidget />
{error && <div>Error: {error}</div>}
<button disabled={!isReady}>Submit</button>
</form>
)
}---
Jest Testing
Mock Setup
// jest.setup.ts
import React from 'react'
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
Turnstile: ({ onSuccess }: { onSuccess: (token: string) => void }) => {
React.useEffect(() => {
onSuccess('XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX')
}, [onSuccess])
return <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />
},
}))Component Test
// ContactForm.test.tsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
import { ContactForm } from './ContactForm'
test('submits form with Turnstile', async () => {
render(<ContactForm />)
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' })
// Turnstile auto-solves (mocked)
await waitFor(() => {
expect(submitButton).not.toBeDisabled()
})
fireEvent.click(submitButton)
expect(await screen.findByText('Success')).toBeInTheDocument()
})---
Environment-Aware Sitekey
// lib/turnstile.ts
export function useTurnstileSiteKey() {
// Test/Development: Use dummy key
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
return '1x00000000000000000000AA'
}
// Production: Use real key
return process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!
}
// Usage
import { useTurnstileSiteKey } from '@/lib/turnstile'
export function MyForm() {
const siteKey = useTurnstileSiteKey()
return <Turnstile siteKey={siteKey} />
}---
Known Issues & Workarounds
Issue #112: Next.js + Jest Compatibility (Oct 2025)
Problem: @marsidev/react-turnstile breaks Jest tests
Source: https://github.com/marsidev/react-turnstile/issues/112
Workaround: Mock the component (see Jest Testing section above)
Issue #113: Blocked Script Execution (Oct 2025)
Problem: Script execution blocked in some environments
Source: https://github.com/marsidev/react-turnstile/issues/113
Workaround: 1. Check CSP headers allow challenges.cloudflare.com 2. Ensure api.js loads from CDN (not proxied)
---
TypeScript Types
import type {
TurnstileInstance,
TurnstileProps,
TurnstileOptions,
} from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
// Widget instance methods
interface TurnstileInstance {
reset(): void
remove(): void
execute(): void
getResponse(): string | undefined
isExpired(): boolean
}
// Component props
interface TurnstileProps {
siteKey: string
onSuccess?: (token: string) => void
onError?: (error: string) => void
onExpire?: () => void
onAbort?: () => void
options?: TurnstileOptions
scriptOptions?: {
nonce?: string
defer?: boolean
async?: boolean
}
}
// Widget options
interface TurnstileOptions {
theme?: 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'
size?: 'normal' | 'compact' | 'flexible'
action?: string
cdata?: string
execution?: 'render' | 'execute'
appearance?: 'always' | 'execute' | 'interaction-only'
retry?: 'auto' | 'never'
'retry-interval'?: number
}---
Performance Optimization
Lazy Loading
import { lazy, Suspense } from 'react'
const Turnstile = lazy(() =>
import('@marsidev/react-turnstile').then(mod => ({ default: mod.Turnstile }))
)
export function LazyTurnstileForm() {
return (
<form>
<Suspense fallback={<div>Loading verification...</div>}>
<Turnstile siteKey="..." />
</Suspense>
</form>
)
}Conditional Rendering
Only render Turnstile when needed:
export function ConditionalForm() {
const [showTurnstile, setShowTurnstile] = useState(false)
return (
<form>
<input onChange={() => setShowTurnstile(true)} />
{showTurnstile && <Turnstile siteKey="..." />}
</form>
)
}---
Best Practices
✅ Use environment variables for sitekeys ✅ Mock in tests using Jest setup file ✅ Handle expiration with onExpire callback ✅ Disable submit until ready based on token state ✅ Reset after submission for multi-use forms ✅ Use TypeScript for type safety ✅ Lazy load if not immediately needed
❌ Don't hardcode sitekeys in components ❌ Don't skip error handling (onError) ❌ Don't forget server validation (critical!) ❌ Don't use production keys in tests
---
Last Updated: 2025-10-22 Package Version: @marsidev/react-turnstile@1.3.1 Cloudflare Status: ✅ Officially Recommended
Turnstile Testing Guide
Complete testing strategies for E2E, unit, and integration tests
Official Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing/
---
Quick Reference: Dummy Credentials
Sitekeys (Client-Side)
const TEST_SITEKEYS = {
ALWAYS_PASS: '1x00000000000000000000AA', // Visible, always passes
ALWAYS_BLOCK: '2x00000000000000000000AB', // Visible, always blocks
ALWAYS_PASS_INVISIBLE: '1x00000000000000000000BB', // Invisible, always passes
ALWAYS_BLOCK_INVISIBLE: '2x00000000000000000000BB',// Invisible, always blocks
FORCE_INTERACTIVE: '3x00000000000000000000FF', // Visible, forces checkbox
}Secret Keys (Server-Side)
const TEST_SECRET_KEYS = {
ALWAYS_PASS: '1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA', // success: true
ALWAYS_FAIL: '2x0000000000000000000000000000000AA', // success: false
TOKEN_SPENT: '3x0000000000000000000000000000000AA', // "already spent" error
}Dummy Token
const DUMMY_TOKEN = 'XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX'CRITICAL:
- Dummy sitekeys generate
XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX - Dummy secret keys ONLY accept dummy token
- Production secret keys REJECT dummy token
- Real tokens FAIL with dummy secret keys
---
Environment Detection Patterns
Pattern 1: Request Headers
function isTestEnvironment(request: Request): boolean {
return request.headers.get('x-test-environment') === 'true'
}
// Usage in Cloudflare Worker
if (isTestEnvironment(request)) {
secretKey = TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
}Pattern 2: IP Address
function isTestEnvironment(request: Request): boolean {
const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP') || ''
const testIPs = ['127.0.0.1', '::1', 'localhost']
return testIPs.includes(ip)
}Pattern 3: Query Parameter
function isTestEnvironment(request: Request): boolean {
const url = new URL(request.url)
return url.searchParams.get('test') === 'true'
}Pattern 4: Environment Variable
const sitekey = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'test'
? TEST_SITEKEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
: process.env.TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY---
Playwright Testing
Setup
// playwright.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
use: {
baseURL: 'http://localhost:5173',
extraHTTPHeaders: {
'x-test-environment': 'true', // Auto-use test credentials
},
},
})Basic Test
// tests/contact-form.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
test('submits contact form with Turnstile', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/contact')
// Fill form
await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
await page.fill('textarea[name="message"]', 'Test message')
// Turnstile auto-solves with dummy token in test mode
await page.click('button[type="submit"]')
// Verify success
await expect(page.locator('.success-message')).toBeVisible()
})Advanced: Multiple Scenarios
test('handles Turnstile failure gracefully', async ({ page, context }) => {
// Override to use "always fail" sitekey
await context.route('**/api.js', route => {
const FAIL_SITEKEY = '2x00000000000000000000AB'
// Inject failing sitekey
route.continue()
})
await page.goto('/contact')
await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
await page.click('button[type="submit"]')
await expect(page.locator('.error-message')).toContainText('verification failed')
})---
Cypress Testing
Setup
// cypress.config.ts
export default defineConfig({
e2e: {
baseUrl: 'http://localhost:5173',
setupNodeEvents(on, config) {
// Set test header on all requests
on('before:browser:launch', (browser, launchOptions) => {
launchOptions.args.push('--disable-web-security')
return launchOptions
})
},
},
})Test Example
// cypress/e2e/turnstile.cy.ts
describe('Turnstile Form', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
cy.intercept('**/*', (req) => {
req.headers['x-test-environment'] = 'true'
})
})
it('submits form successfully', () => {
cy.visit('/contact')
cy.get('input[name="email"]').type('test@example.com')
cy.get('textarea[name="message"]').type('Test message')
// Turnstile auto-solves in test mode
cy.get('button[type="submit"]').click()
cy.contains('Success').should('be.visible')
})
})---
Jest / Vitest (React)
Mock @marsidev/react-turnstile
// jest.setup.ts or vitest.setup.ts
import React from 'react'
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
Turnstile: ({ onSuccess }: { onSuccess: (token: string) => void }) => {
// Auto-solve with dummy token
React.useEffect(() => {
onSuccess('XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX')
}, [onSuccess])
return <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />
},
}))Component Test
// ContactForm.test.tsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent, waitFor } from '@testing-library/react'
import { ContactForm } from './ContactForm'
test('submits form with Turnstile', async () => {
render(<ContactForm />)
fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), {
target: { value: 'test@example.com' },
})
fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Message'), {
target: { value: 'Test message' },
})
// Turnstile auto-solves (mocked)
const submitButton = screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' })
expect(submitButton).not.toBeDisabled()
fireEvent.click(submitButton)
await waitFor(() => {
expect(screen.getByText('Success')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
})---
Server-Side Testing (Vitest)
Validate Dummy Token
// server.test.ts
import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
import { validateTurnstile } from './turnstile-server-validation'
import { TEST_SECRET_KEYS, DUMMY_TOKEN } from './turnstile-test-config'
describe('Turnstile Validation', () => {
it('validates dummy token with test secret', async () => {
const result = await validateTurnstile(
DUMMY_TOKEN,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
)
expect(result.success).toBe(true)
})
it('rejects real token with test secret', async () => {
const realToken = 'real-production-token'
const result = await validateTurnstile(
realToken,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
)
expect(result.success).toBe(false)
})
it('handles always-fail secret key', async () => {
const result = await validateTurnstile(
DUMMY_TOKEN,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_FAIL
)
expect(result.success).toBe(false)
})
})---
Cloudflare Workers Testing (Miniflare)
Setup
// vitest.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from 'vitest/config'
export default defineConfig({
test: {
environment: 'miniflare',
environmentOptions: {
bindings: {
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: '1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: '1x00000000000000000000AA',
},
},
},
})Worker Test
// worker.test.ts
import { env, createExecutionContext, waitOnExecutionContext } from 'cloudflare:test'
import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
import worker from '../src/index'
import { DUMMY_TOKEN } from './turnstile-test-config'
describe('Worker with Turnstile', () => {
it('validates test token successfully', async () => {
const formData = new FormData()
formData.append('email', 'test@example.com')
formData.append('cf-turnstile-response', DUMMY_TOKEN)
const request = new Request('http://localhost/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
headers: {
'x-test-environment': 'true',
},
})
const ctx = createExecutionContext()
const response = await worker.fetch(request, env, ctx)
await waitOnExecutionContext(ctx)
expect(response.status).toBe(200)
})
})---
CI/CD Configuration
GitHub Actions
# .github/workflows/test.yml
name: Test
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
test:
runs-on: ubuntu-latest
steps:
- uses: actions/checkout@v3
- name: Setup Node
uses: actions/setup-node@v3
with:
node-version: '20'
- name: Install dependencies
run: npm ci
- name: Run tests
env:
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: 1x00000000000000000000AA
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: 1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA
NODE_ENV: test
run: npm testGitLab CI
# .gitlab-ci.yml
test:
image: node:20
script:
- npm ci
- npm test
variables:
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: "1x00000000000000000000AA"
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: "1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA"
NODE_ENV: "test"---
Testing Best Practices
✅ Always use dummy keys - Never use production credentials in tests ✅ Test both success and failure - Use both pass and fail test keys ✅ Mock in unit tests - Mock Turnstile component for fast unit tests ✅ E2E with real widget - Use test sitekeys in E2E tests ✅ Separate environments - Different config for test/dev/staging/prod ✅ Test expiration - Verify token expiration handling ✅ Test error states - Validate error callback behavior
❌ Never commit production keys - Use environment variables ❌ Don't skip server validation tests - Critical security component ❌ Don't test with production sitekeys - Can trigger rate limits ❌ Don't hardcode test keys - Use constants/config files
---
Debugging Tests
Enable Verbose Logging
turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: TEST_SITEKEYS.ALWAYS_PASS,
callback: (token) => console.log('[TEST] Token:', token),
'error-callback': (error) => console.error('[TEST] Error:', error),
'expired-callback': () => console.warn('[TEST] Token expired'),
})Check Network Requests
// Playwright
await page.route('**/siteverify', route => {
console.log('Siteverify called with:', route.request().postData())
route.continue()
})Verify Environment Detection
test('uses test credentials in test env', async ({ page }) => {
const response = await page.evaluate(() => {
return document.querySelector('.cf-turnstile')?.getAttribute('data-sitekey')
})
expect(response).toBe('1x00000000000000000000AA')
})---
Last Updated: 2025-10-22 Test Framework Support: Playwright, Cypress, Jest, Vitest, Miniflare
Turnstile Widget Configuration Reference
Complete reference for all widget configuration options
Official Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/get-started/client-side-rendering/widget-configurations
---
Widget Modes
Managed (Recommended)
Functions like a Managed Challenge Page. Selects a challenge based on visitor signals.
- Shows interactive checkbox only if bot is suspected
- Best balance of security and UX
- Use for most production deployments
Non-Interactive
Widget is displayed but visitor never needs to interact.
- No checkbox required
- Runs challenge in background
- Use for minimal user friction
Invisible
Widget is completely hidden from visitor.
- No visual presence
- Challenge runs invisibly
- Use for seamless UX, API protection
---
Configuration Parameters
Core Parameters
sitekey (Required)
- Type:
string - Description: Your widget's public sitekey from Cloudflare Dashboard
- Example:
data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"or{ sitekey: 'YOUR_SITE_KEY' }
action
- Type:
string - Max Length: 32 characters
- Valid Characters:
a-z,A-Z,0-9,-,_ - Description: Custom action name tracked in analytics
- Example:
action: 'login',action: 'signup'
cdata
- Type:
string - Max Length: 255 characters
- Description: Custom data passed through to server validation
- Example:
cdata: JSON.stringify({ userId: '123' })
---
Appearance
theme
Controls widget color scheme.
- `auto` (default) - Matches system preference
- `light` - Light mode
- `dark` - Dark mode
Example:
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-theme="dark"></div>{ theme: 'dark' }appearance
Controls when widget becomes visible.
- `always` (default) - Visible from page load
- `execute` - Visible only after challenge begins
- `interaction-only` - Visible only when user interaction required
Note: Only affects managed/non-interactive modes. Invisible widgets never show.
Example:
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-appearance="interaction-only"></div>{ appearance: 'interaction-only' }size
Controls widget dimensions.
- `normal` (default) - 300px × 65px
- `compact` - 150px × 140px
- `flexible` - 100% width, adapts to container
Example:
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-size="compact"></div>{ size: 'flexible' }---
Execution
execution
Controls when challenge runs and token is generated.
- `render` (default) - Runs automatically after rendering
- `execute` - Runs only when
turnstile.execute()is called
Use Cases:
render: Standard forms, immediate protectionexecute: Multi-step forms, conditional verification, performance optimization
Example:
const widgetId = turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
execution: 'execute', // Manual trigger
})
// Later, when needed:
turnstile.execute(widgetId)---
Callbacks
callback
Called when challenge succeeds.
Signature: (token: string) => void
Example:
<div class="cf-turnstile" data-callback="onSuccess"></div>
<script>
function onSuccess(token) {
console.log('Token:', token)
}
</script>{
callback: (token) => {
console.log('Success:', token)
document.getElementById('submit-btn').disabled = false
}
}error-callback
Called when challenge fails or errors occur.
Signature: (errorCode: string) => void
Example:
{
'error-callback': (error) => {
console.error('Turnstile error:', error)
showErrorMessage('Verification failed')
}
}expired-callback
Called when token expires (after 5 minutes).
Signature: () => void
Example:
{
'expired-callback': () => {
console.warn('Token expired')
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
}
}timeout-callback
Called when interactive challenge times out (user didn't interact).
Signature: () => void
Example:
{
'timeout-callback': () => {
console.warn('Challenge timed out')
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
}
}---
Retry Behavior
retry
Controls automatic retry on errors.
- `auto` (default) - Automatically retries on transient errors
- `never` - No automatic retry, manual control via
turnstile.reset()
Example:
{
retry: 'never', // Manual control
'error-callback': (error) => {
if (shouldRetry(error)) {
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
}
}
}retry-interval
Milliseconds between automatic retries.
- Default: 8000ms (8 seconds)
- Min: 0
- Max: No limit
Example:
{
retry: 'auto',
'retry-interval': 5000, // 5 seconds
}---
Complete Configuration Example
Implicit Rendering (HTML)
<div class="cf-turnstile"
data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"
data-callback="onSuccess"
data-error-callback="onError"
data-expired-callback="onExpired"
data-timeout-callback="onTimeout"
data-theme="auto"
data-size="normal"
data-appearance="always"
data-retry="auto"
data-retry-interval="8000"
data-action="login"
data-cdata='{"userId":"123"}'>
</div>Explicit Rendering (TypeScript)
const widgetId = turnstile.render('#container', {
sitekey: 'YOUR_SITE_KEY',
callback: (token) => console.log('Success:', token),
'error-callback': (error) => console.error('Error:', error),
'expired-callback': () => turnstile.reset(widgetId),
'timeout-callback': () => console.warn('Timeout'),
theme: 'auto',
size: 'normal',
execution: 'render',
appearance: 'always',
retry: 'auto',
'retry-interval': 8000,
action: 'login',
cdata: JSON.stringify({ userId: '123' }),
})---
API Methods
turnstile.render()
Renders a widget programmatically.
Signature:
render(
container: string | HTMLElement,
options: TurnstileOptions
): string // Returns widgetIdExample:
const widgetId = turnstile.render('#my-container', {
sitekey: SITE_KEY,
callback: handleSuccess,
})turnstile.reset()
Resets widget to initial state, clears current token.
Signature: reset(widgetId: string): void
Example:
turnstile.reset(widgetId)turnstile.remove()
Completely removes widget from DOM.
Signature: remove(widgetId: string): void
Example:
turnstile.remove(widgetId)turnstile.execute()
Manually triggers challenge (execution: 'execute' mode only).
Signature: execute(widgetId: string): void
Example:
document.querySelector('#submit').addEventListener('click', () => {
turnstile.execute(widgetId)
})turnstile.getResponse()
Gets current token value.
Signature: getResponse(widgetId: string): string | undefined
Example:
const token = turnstile.getResponse(widgetId)
if (token) {
submitForm(token)
}turnstile.isExpired()
Checks if token has expired.
Signature: isExpired(widgetId: string): boolean
Example:
if (turnstile.isExpired(widgetId)) {
turnstile.reset(widgetId)
}---
Migration from reCAPTCHA
Turnstile can be a drop-in replacement for reCAPTCHA v2.
Compatibility Mode
Add ?compat=recaptcha to script URL:
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js?compat=recaptcha"></script>Features:
- Implicit rendering for reCAPTCHA
g-recaptcha-responseinput name- Registers API as
grecaptcha
Example:
<!-- Old reCAPTCHA code -->
<div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="OLD_RECAPTCHA_KEY"></div>
<!-- New Turnstile code (compatibility mode) -->
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js?compat=recaptcha"></script>
<div class="g-recaptcha" data-sitekey="NEW_TURNSTILE_KEY"></div>Note: Change script URL and sitekey, everything else stays the same.
---
Best Practices
✅ Always validate server-side - Client widget is not sufficient ✅ Handle expiration - Implement expired-callback to reset widget ✅ Handle errors - Use error-callback for user-friendly messages ✅ Use actions - Track different form types in analytics ✅ Test with dummy keys - Use 1x00000000000000000000AA for development ✅ Separate environments - Different widgets for dev/staging/production
❌ Never proxy api.js - Must load from Cloudflare CDN ❌ Never reuse tokens - Each token is single-use ❌ Never expose secret key - Keep in backend only ❌ Never skip expiration handling - Tokens expire after 5 minutes
---
Last Updated: 2025-10-22 API Version: v0 (stable)
#!/bin/bash
#
# Turnstile CSP Checker
#
# Verifies that Content Security Policy headers allow Turnstile to function
#
# Usage:
# ./check-csp.sh https://example.com
# ./check-csp.sh https://example.com/contact
#
set -e
# Colors for output
RED='\033[0;31m'
GREEN='\033[0;32m'
YELLOW='\033[1;33m'
NC='\033[0m' # No Color
# Check if URL is provided
if [ -z "$1" ]; then
echo -e "${RED}Error: Please provide a URL${NC}"
echo "Usage: $0 <url>"
echo "Example: $0 https://example.com"
exit 1
fi
URL="$1"
echo -e "${GREEN}Checking CSP for Turnstile compatibility...${NC}"
echo "URL: $URL"
echo ""
# Fetch headers
HEADERS=$(curl -sI "$URL")
# Extract CSP header
CSP=$(echo "$HEADERS" | grep -i "content-security-policy:" | sed 's/content-security-policy: //I')
if [ -z "$CSP" ]; then
echo -e "${YELLOW}No Content-Security-Policy header found${NC}"
echo "✅ Turnstile should work (no CSP restrictions)"
exit 0
fi
echo "CSP Header found:"
echo "$CSP"
echo ""
# Initialize pass/fail counters
PASS=0
FAIL=0
# Check script-src
echo -e "${GREEN}Checking script-src...${NC}"
if echo "$CSP" | grep -q "script-src"; then
if echo "$CSP" | grep -E "script-src[^;]*https://challenges.cloudflare.com" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ script-src allows https://challenges.cloudflare.com"
((PASS++))
elif echo "$CSP" | grep -E "script-src[^;]*\*" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ script-src allows * (wildcard)"
((PASS++))
else
echo -e "${RED}❌ script-src does NOT allow https://challenges.cloudflare.com${NC}"
echo " Add: script-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
((FAIL++))
fi
else
echo "⚠️ No script-src directive found (defaults may apply)"
fi
echo ""
# Check frame-src
echo -e "${GREEN}Checking frame-src...${NC}"
if echo "$CSP" | grep -q "frame-src"; then
if echo "$CSP" | grep -E "frame-src[^;]*https://challenges.cloudflare.com" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ frame-src allows https://challenges.cloudflare.com"
((PASS++))
elif echo "$CSP" | grep -E "frame-src[^;]*\*" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ frame-src allows * (wildcard)"
((PASS++))
else
echo -e "${RED}❌ frame-src does NOT allow https://challenges.cloudflare.com${NC}"
echo " Add: frame-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
((FAIL++))
fi
else
echo "⚠️ No frame-src directive found (defaults may apply)"
fi
echo ""
# Check connect-src
echo -e "${GREEN}Checking connect-src...${NC}"
if echo "$CSP" | grep -q "connect-src"; then
if echo "$CSP" | grep -E "connect-src[^;]*https://challenges.cloudflare.com" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ connect-src allows https://challenges.cloudflare.com"
((PASS++))
elif echo "$CSP" | grep -E "connect-src[^;]*\*" > /dev/null; then
echo "✅ connect-src allows * (wildcard)"
((PASS++))
else
echo -e "${RED}❌ connect-src does NOT allow https://challenges.cloudflare.com${NC}"
echo " Add: connect-src https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
((FAIL++))
fi
else
echo "⚠️ No connect-src directive found (defaults may apply)"
fi
echo ""
# Final verdict
echo "========================================"
if [ $FAIL -eq 0 ]; then
echo -e "${GREEN}✅ CSP is compatible with Turnstile!${NC}"
exit 0
else
echo -e "${RED}❌ CSP may block Turnstile${NC}"
echo ""
echo "Recommended CSP directives:"
echo ""
echo "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Security-Policy\" content=\""
echo " script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
echo " frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
echo " connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;"
echo "\">"
echo ""
echo "Or in HTTP header:"
echo ""
echo "Content-Security-Policy: script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com; frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com; connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com"
echo ""
exit 1
fi
#!/bin/bash
# [TODO: Script Name]
# [TODO: Brief description of what this script does]
# Example script structure - delete if not needed
set -e # Exit on error
# [TODO: Add your script logic here]
echo "Example script - replace or delete this file"
# Usage:
# ./scripts/example-script.sh [args]
/**
* Turnstile + Hono Route Handlers
*
* Complete examples for integrating Turnstile validation
* with Hono API routes in Cloudflare Workers
*/
import { Hono } from 'hono'
import { validateTurnstile, type TurnstileResponse } from './turnstile-server-validation'
/**
* Environment Bindings
*/
type Bindings = {
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: string
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: string
}
const app = new Hono<{ Bindings: Bindings }>()
/**
* Example 1: Simple Contact Form
*/
app.post('/api/contact', async (c) => {
try {
const body = await c.req.formData()
const token = body.get('cf-turnstile-response')
if (!token) {
return c.text('Missing Turnstile token', 400)
}
// Validate token
const verifyFormData = new FormData()
verifyFormData.append('secret', c.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY)
verifyFormData.append('response', token.toString())
verifyFormData.append('remoteip', c.req.header('CF-Connecting-IP') || '')
const verifyResult = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{
method: 'POST',
body: verifyFormData,
}
)
const outcome = await verifyResult.json<{ success: boolean }>()
if (!outcome.success) {
return c.text('Invalid Turnstile token', 401)
}
// Process contact form
const email = body.get('email')?.toString()
const message = body.get('message')?.toString()
console.log('Contact form submitted:', { email, message })
// Your business logic here (send email, save to DB, etc.)
return c.json({ message: 'Contact form submitted successfully' })
} catch (error) {
console.error('Contact form error:', error)
return c.text('Internal server error', 500)
}
})
/**
* Example 2: Login with Turnstile
*/
app.post('/api/auth/login', async (c) => {
try {
const { username, password, 'cf-turnstile-response': token } = await c.req.json()
// Validate Turnstile token first
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token,
c.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
{
remoteip: c.req.header('CF-Connecting-IP'),
expectedAction: 'login',
expectedHostname: new URL(c.req.url).hostname,
}
)
if (!result.success) {
return c.json(
{
error: 'Invalid Turnstile token',
codes: result['error-codes'],
},
401
)
}
// Validate credentials (example - use proper auth in production)
if (!username || !password) {
return c.json({ error: 'Missing credentials' }, 400)
}
// Check credentials against database
// const user = await db.query('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = ?', [username])
// Create session token
// const sessionToken = await createSession(user.id)
return c.json({
message: 'Login successful',
// token: sessionToken,
})
} catch (error) {
console.error('Login error:', error)
return c.json({ error: 'Login failed' }, 500)
}
})
/**
* Example 3: Signup with Turnstile + Rate Limiting
*/
app.post('/api/auth/signup', async (c) => {
try {
const { email, password, 'cf-turnstile-response': token } = await c.req.json()
// Validate Turnstile
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token,
c.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
{
remoteip: c.req.header('CF-Connecting-IP'),
expectedAction: 'signup',
}
)
if (!result.success) {
return c.json({ error: 'Bot detection failed' }, 401)
}
// Validate input
if (!email || !password) {
return c.json({ error: 'Missing required fields' }, 400)
}
// Check if user exists
// const existingUser = await db.query('SELECT id FROM users WHERE email = ?', [email])
// if (existingUser) {
// return c.json({ error: 'User already exists' }, 409)
// }
// Create user
// const hashedPassword = await hashPassword(password)
// await db.query('INSERT INTO users (email, password) VALUES (?, ?)', [email, hashedPassword])
return c.json({
message: 'Signup successful',
})
} catch (error) {
console.error('Signup error:', error)
return c.json({ error: 'Signup failed' }, 500)
}
})
/**
* Example 4: Middleware for Turnstile Validation
*/
async function turnstileMiddleware(c: any, next: () => Promise<void>) {
const contentType = c.req.header('Content-Type')
let token: string | null = null
// Get token from FormData or JSON
if (contentType?.includes('multipart/form-data') || contentType?.includes('application/x-www-form-urlencoded')) {
const formData = await c.req.formData()
token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')?.toString() || null
} else if (contentType?.includes('application/json')) {
const body = await c.req.json()
token = body['cf-turnstile-response'] || null
}
if (!token) {
return c.json({ error: 'Missing Turnstile token' }, 400)
}
// Validate token
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token,
c.env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
{
remoteip: c.req.header('CF-Connecting-IP'),
}
)
if (!result.success) {
return c.json({
error: 'Turnstile validation failed',
codes: result['error-codes'],
}, 401)
}
// Store result in context for route handler
c.set('turnstileResult', result)
await next()
}
/**
* Example 5: Using Middleware
*/
app.post('/api/protected/action', turnstileMiddleware, async (c) => {
const turnstileResult = c.get('turnstileResult') as TurnstileResponse
console.log('Turnstile validated:', turnstileResult)
// Your protected action here
return c.json({ message: 'Action completed successfully' })
})
/**
* Example 6: Get Sitekey Endpoint (for frontend)
*/
app.get('/api/turnstile/sitekey', (c) => {
return c.json({
sitekey: c.env.TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY,
})
})
/**
* Example 7: Health Check (without Turnstile)
*/
app.get('/health', (c) => {
return c.json({ status: 'ok' })
})
/**
* Example 8: CORS for Turnstile
*/
import { cors } from 'hono/cors'
app.use('/api/*', cors({
origin: ['https://yourdomain.com', 'http://localhost:5173'],
allowMethods: ['POST', 'GET', 'OPTIONS'],
allowHeaders: ['Content-Type'],
credentials: true,
}))
/**
* Export
*/
export default app
/**
* Turnstile React Component
*
* Uses @marsidev/react-turnstile (Cloudflare recommended)
* npm install @marsidev/react-turnstile
*/
import { Turnstile, type TurnstileInstance } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { useRef, useState } from 'react'
/**
* Basic Example: Contact Form with Turnstile
*/
export function ContactForm() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
const [error, setError] = useState<string>()
const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false)
async function handleSubmit(e: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) {
e.preventDefault()
if (!token) {
setError('Please complete the verification')
return
}
setIsSubmitting(true)
setError(undefined)
const formData = new FormData(e.currentTarget)
formData.append('cf-turnstile-response', token)
try {
const response = await fetch('/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
})
if (!response.ok) {
const errorText = await response.text()
setError(`Submission failed: ${errorText}`)
return
}
// Success
alert('Message sent successfully!')
e.currentTarget.reset()
setToken(undefined)
} catch (err) {
setError(`Network error: ${err.message}`)
} finally {
setIsSubmitting(false)
}
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
<div>
<label htmlFor="email">Email</label>
<input
id="email"
name="email"
type="email"
required
/>
</div>
<div>
<label htmlFor="message">Message</label>
<textarea
id="message"
name="message"
rows={5}
required
/>
</div>
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={() => setError('Verification failed')}
onExpire={() => setToken(undefined)}
/>
{error && <div className="error">{error}</div>}
<button type="submit" disabled={!token || isSubmitting}>
{isSubmitting ? 'Submitting...' : 'Submit'}
</button>
</form>
)
}
/**
* Advanced Example: With Ref for Manual Control
*/
export function AdvancedTurnstileForm() {
const turnstileRef = useRef<TurnstileInstance>(null)
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
function handleReset() {
// Reset the Turnstile widget
turnstileRef.current?.reset()
setToken(undefined)
}
function handleRemove() {
// Completely remove the widget
turnstileRef.current?.remove()
setToken(undefined)
}
function handleExecute() {
// Manually trigger challenge (execution: 'execute' mode only)
turnstileRef.current?.execute()
}
return (
<div>
<Turnstile
ref={turnstileRef}
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={(error) => console.error('Turnstile error:', error)}
options={{
theme: 'auto',
size: 'normal',
execution: 'render', // or 'execute' for manual trigger
action: 'login',
retry: 'auto',
}}
/>
<div>
<button onClick={handleReset}>Reset Widget</button>
<button onClick={handleRemove}>Remove Widget</button>
<button onClick={handleExecute}>Execute Challenge</button>
</div>
{token && <div>Token: {token}</div>}
</div>
)
}
/**
* Next.js App Router Example (Client Component)
*/
'use client'
export function LoginForm() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
const [formError, setFormError] = useState<string>()
async function handleLogin(e: React.FormEvent<HTMLFormElement>) {
e.preventDefault()
if (!token) {
setFormError('Please complete the challenge')
return
}
const formData = new FormData(e.currentTarget)
try {
const response = await fetch('/api/auth/login', {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
},
body: JSON.stringify({
username: formData.get('username'),
password: formData.get('password'),
'cf-turnstile-response': token,
}),
})
if (!response.ok) {
const error = await response.json()
setFormError(error.message)
return
}
// Redirect on success
window.location.href = '/dashboard'
} catch (err) {
setFormError(`Login failed: ${err.message}`)
}
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleLogin}>
<input
name="username"
type="text"
placeholder="Username"
required
/>
<input
name="password"
type="password"
placeholder="Password"
required
/>
<Turnstile
siteKey={process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={() => setFormError('Verification failed')}
onExpire={() => setToken(undefined)}
options={{
theme: 'auto',
action: 'login',
}}
/>
{formError && <div className="error">{formError}</div>}
<button type="submit" disabled={!token}>
Login
</button>
</form>
)
}
/**
* Testing Example: Mock for Jest
*
* Add to jest.setup.ts:
*/
/*
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
Turnstile: ({ onSuccess }: { onSuccess: (token: string) => void }) => {
// Auto-solve with dummy token
React.useEffect(() => {
onSuccess('XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX')
}, [])
return <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />
},
}))
*/
/**
* Environment-Aware Sitekey
*
* Use dummy keys for development/testing
*/
export function useT turnstileSiteKey() {
// Development/Test: Use dummy sitekey
if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
return '1x00000000000000000000AA' // Always passes
}
// Production: Use real sitekey
return process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!
}
/**
* Example with Environment-Aware Sitekey
*/
export function SmartTurnstileForm() {
const siteKey = useTurnstileSiteKey()
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
return (
<form>
{/* Form fields here */}
<Turnstile
siteKey={siteKey}
onSuccess={setToken}
onError={(error) => console.error(error)}
/>
<button type="submit" disabled={!token}>
Submit
</button>
</form>
)
}
/**
* Custom Hook: useTurnstile
*/
export function useTurnstile() {
const [token, setToken] = useState<string>()
const [isReady, setIsReady] = useState(false)
const [error, setError] = useState<string>()
const turnstileRef = useRef<TurnstileInstance>(null)
const reset = () => {
turnstileRef.current?.reset()
setToken(undefined)
setError(undefined)
}
const TurnstileWidget = () => (
<Turnstile
ref={turnstileRef}
siteKey={useTurnstileSiteKey()}
onSuccess={(token) => {
setToken(token)
setIsReady(true)
setError(undefined)
}}
onError={(err) => {
setError(err)
setIsReady(false)
}}
onExpire={() => {
setToken(undefined)
setIsReady(false)
}}
/>
)
return {
token,
isReady,
error,
reset,
TurnstileWidget,
}
}
/**
* Usage of useTurnstile Hook
*/
export function FormWithHook() {
const { token, isReady, error, reset, TurnstileWidget } = useTurnstile()
async function handleSubmit(e: React.FormEvent) {
e.preventDefault()
// Use token for submission
console.log('Token:', token)
// Reset after submission
reset()
}
return (
<form onSubmit={handleSubmit}>
{/* Form fields */}
<TurnstileWidget />
{error && <div className="error">{error}</div>}
<button type="submit" disabled={!isReady}>
Submit
</button>
</form>
)
}
/**
* Turnstile Server-Side Validation
*
* CRITICAL: Server-side validation is MANDATORY.
* Client-side widget alone does NOT provide security.
*
* Tokens:
* - Expire after 5 minutes (300 seconds)
* - Are single-use only
* - Can be forged by attackers (must validate on server)
*/
/**
* Siteverify API Response
*/
export interface TurnstileResponse {
success: boolean
challenge_ts?: string // ISO 8601 timestamp
hostname?: string // Hostname where challenge was solved
'error-codes'?: string[]
action?: string // Custom action if specified
cdata?: string // Custom data if specified
}
/**
* Validation Options
*/
export interface ValidationOptions {
remoteip?: string
idempotency_key?: string
expectedAction?: string
expectedHostname?: string
timeout?: number // milliseconds (default: 5000)
}
/**
* Validate Turnstile Token
*
* @param token - The token from cf-turnstile-response
* @param secretKey - Your Turnstile secret key (from environment variable)
* @param options - Optional validation parameters
* @returns Promise<TurnstileResponse>
*/
export async function validateTurnstile(
token: string,
secretKey: string,
options?: ValidationOptions
): Promise<TurnstileResponse> {
if (!token) {
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['missing-input-response'],
}
}
if (!secretKey) {
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['missing-input-secret'],
}
}
// Prepare request body
const formData = new FormData()
formData.append('secret', secretKey)
formData.append('response', token)
if (options?.remoteip) {
formData.append('remoteip', options.remoteip)
}
if (options?.idempotency_key) {
formData.append('idempotency_key', options.idempotency_key)
}
// Set timeout
const controller = new AbortController()
const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), options?.timeout || 5000)
try {
// Call Siteverify API
const response = await fetch(
'https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/siteverify',
{
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
signal: controller.signal,
}
)
const result = await response.json<TurnstileResponse>()
// Additional validation checks
if (result.success) {
// Validate action if specified
if (options?.expectedAction && result.action !== options.expectedAction) {
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['action-mismatch'],
}
}
// Validate hostname if specified
if (options?.expectedHostname && result.hostname !== options.expectedHostname) {
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['hostname-mismatch'],
}
}
}
return result
} catch (error) {
if (error.name === 'AbortError') {
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['timeout'],
}
}
console.error('Turnstile validation error:', error)
return {
success: false,
'error-codes': ['internal-error'],
}
} finally {
clearTimeout(timeoutId)
}
}
/**
* Cloudflare Workers Example
*/
export default {
async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
if (request.method !== 'POST') {
return new Response('Method not allowed', { status: 405 })
}
try {
const formData = await request.formData()
const token = formData.get('cf-turnstile-response')
if (!token) {
return new Response('Missing Turnstile token', { status: 400 })
}
// Validate token
const result = await validateTurnstile(
token.toString(),
env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY,
{
remoteip: request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP') || undefined,
expectedHostname: new URL(request.url).hostname,
}
)
if (!result.success) {
console.error('Turnstile validation failed:', result['error-codes'])
return new Response('Invalid Turnstile token', {
status: 401,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
},
})
}
// Token is valid - process the form
const email = formData.get('email')
const message = formData.get('message')
// Your business logic here
console.log('Form submitted:', { email, message })
return new Response('Success!', {
status: 200,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'text/plain',
},
})
} catch (error) {
console.error('Request handling error:', error)
return new Response('Internal server error', { status: 500 })
}
},
}
/**
* Advanced Example: Validation with Retry Logic
*/
export async function validateWithRetry(
token: string,
secretKey: string,
options?: ValidationOptions,
maxRetries: number = 3
): Promise<TurnstileResponse> {
let lastError: TurnstileResponse | null = null
for (let attempt = 0; attempt < maxRetries; attempt++) {
const result = await validateTurnstile(token, secretKey, options)
if (result.success) {
return result
}
// Don't retry on permanent errors
const permanentErrors = [
'missing-input-secret',
'invalid-input-secret',
'missing-input-response',
'invalid-input-response',
'action-mismatch',
'hostname-mismatch',
]
if (
result['error-codes']?.some((code) => permanentErrors.includes(code))
) {
return result
}
// Retry on transient errors
lastError = result
if (attempt < maxRetries - 1) {
// Exponential backoff
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000 * Math.pow(2, attempt)))
}
}
return lastError || { success: false, 'error-codes': ['max-retries-exceeded'] }
}
/**
* Type Definitions for Cloudflare Workers
*/
export interface Env {
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: string
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: string
// Add other environment variables here
}
/**
* Turnstile Testing Configuration
*
* Use dummy sitekeys and secret keys for automated testing
* to avoid hitting rate limits and ensure predictable behavior.
*
* Official Docs: https://developers.cloudflare.com/turnstile/troubleshooting/testing/
*/
/**
* Dummy Sitekeys (Client-Side)
*
* These can be used from any domain, including localhost.
* Production secret keys will reject dummy tokens.
*/
export const TEST_SITEKEYS = {
/** Always passes - visible widget */
ALWAYS_PASS: '1x00000000000000000000AA',
/** Always blocks - visible widget */
ALWAYS_BLOCK: '2x00000000000000000000AB',
/** Always passes - invisible widget */
ALWAYS_PASS_INVISIBLE: '1x00000000000000000000BB',
/** Always blocks - invisible widget */
ALWAYS_BLOCK_INVISIBLE: '2x00000000000000000000BB',
/** Forces an interactive challenge - visible widget */
FORCE_INTERACTIVE: '3x00000000000000000000FF',
} as const
/**
* Dummy Secret Keys (Server-Side)
*
* These only accept the dummy token XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX
* Real tokens will fail validation with these keys.
*/
export const TEST_SECRET_KEYS = {
/** Always returns success: true */
ALWAYS_PASS: '1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
/** Always returns success: false */
ALWAYS_FAIL: '2x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
/** Returns "token already spent" error */
TOKEN_SPENT: '3x0000000000000000000000000000000AA',
} as const
/**
* Dummy Token
*
* Generated by test sitekeys.
* Only valid with test secret keys.
*/
export const DUMMY_TOKEN = 'XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX'
/**
* Environment Detection
*
* Helper to determine if we're in a test environment
*/
export function isTestEnvironment(request: Request): boolean {
// Check for test headers
if (request.headers.get('x-test-environment') === 'true') {
return true
}
// Check for localhost/test IPs
const ip = request.headers.get('CF-Connecting-IP') || ''
const testIPs = ['127.0.0.1', '::1', 'localhost']
if (testIPs.includes(ip)) {
return true
}
// Check for test query parameter
const url = new URL(request.url)
if (url.searchParams.get('test') === 'true') {
return true
}
return false
}
/**
* Get Test Credentials
*
* Returns test or production credentials based on environment
*/
export function getTurnstileCredentials(
request: Request,
env: {
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY?: string
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY?: string
}
) {
if (isTestEnvironment(request)) {
return {
sitekey: TEST_SITEKEYS.ALWAYS_PASS,
secretKey: TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS,
}
}
return {
sitekey: env.TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY || '',
secretKey: env.TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY || '',
}
}
/**
* Playwright Test Example
*/
/*
// playwright.config.ts
export default {
use: {
baseURL: 'http://localhost:5173',
extraHTTPHeaders: {
'x-test-environment': 'true',
},
},
}
// test/turnstile.spec.ts
import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test'
test('form submission with Turnstile', async ({ page }) => {
await page.goto('/contact')
// Fill form
await page.fill('input[name="email"]', 'test@example.com')
await page.fill('textarea[name="message"]', 'Test message')
// Turnstile auto-solves with dummy token in test mode
await page.click('button[type="submit"]')
// Verify success
await expect(page.locator('.success-message')).toBeVisible()
})
*/
/**
* Cypress Test Example
*/
/*
// cypress/e2e/turnstile.cy.ts
describe('Turnstile Form', () => {
beforeEach(() => {
// Set test header
cy.intercept('**', (req) => {
req.headers['x-test-environment'] = 'true'
})
})
it('submits form successfully', () => {
cy.visit('/contact')
cy.get('input[name="email"]').type('test@example.com')
cy.get('textarea[name="message"]').type('Test message')
// Turnstile auto-solves in test mode
cy.get('button[type="submit"]').click()
cy.contains('Success').should('be.visible')
})
})
*/
/**
* Jest Mock Example
*/
/*
// jest.setup.ts
jest.mock('@marsidev/react-turnstile', () => ({
Turnstile: ({ onSuccess }: { onSuccess: (token: string) => void }) => {
// Auto-solve with dummy token
React.useEffect(() => {
onSuccess('XXXX.DUMMY.TOKEN.XXXX')
}, [onSuccess])
return <div data-testid="turnstile-mock" />
},
}))
// component.test.tsx
import { render, screen, fireEvent } from '@testing-library/react'
import { ContactForm } from './ContactForm'
test('submits form with Turnstile', async () => {
render(<ContactForm />)
fireEvent.change(screen.getByLabelText('Email'), {
target: { value: 'test@example.com' },
})
// Turnstile auto-solves
fireEvent.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: 'Submit' }))
expect(await screen.findByText('Success')).toBeInTheDocument()
})
*/
/**
* Server-Side Test Example (Vitest)
*/
/*
import { describe, it, expect, vi } from 'vitest'
import { validateTurnstile } from './turnstile-server-validation'
import { TEST_SECRET_KEYS, DUMMY_TOKEN } from './turnstile-test-config'
describe('Turnstile Validation', () => {
it('validates dummy token with test secret', async () => {
const result = await validateTurnstile(
DUMMY_TOKEN,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
)
expect(result.success).toBe(true)
})
it('rejects real token with test secret', async () => {
const realToken = 'some-real-token-from-production'
const result = await validateTurnstile(
realToken,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
)
expect(result.success).toBe(false)
})
})
*/
/**
* Environment-Aware Component (React)
*/
/*
import { Turnstile } from '@marsidev/react-turnstile'
import { TEST_SITEKEYS } from './turnstile-test-config'
function MyForm() {
const sitekey = process.env.NODE_ENV === 'test'
? TEST_SITEKEYS.ALWAYS_PASS
: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY!
return (
<form>
<Turnstile
siteKey={sitekey}
onSuccess={(token) => console.log('Token:', token)}
/>
</form>
)
}
*/
/**
* Cloudflare Workers Test Example
*/
/*
import { env, createExecutionContext, waitOnExecutionContext } from 'cloudflare:test'
import { describe, it, expect } from 'vitest'
import worker from '../src/index'
import { DUMMY_TOKEN } from './turnstile-test-config'
describe('Worker with Turnstile', () => {
it('validates test token', async () => {
const formData = new FormData()
formData.append('email', 'test@example.com')
formData.append('cf-turnstile-response', DUMMY_TOKEN)
const request = new Request('http://localhost/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
headers: {
'x-test-environment': 'true',
},
})
const ctx = createExecutionContext()
const response = await worker.fetch(request, env, ctx)
await waitOnExecutionContext(ctx)
expect(response.status).toBe(200)
})
})
*/
/**
* CI/CD Environment Variables
*
* Set these in your CI/CD pipeline:
*/
/*
# GitHub Actions
env:
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: 1x00000000000000000000AA
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: 1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA
# GitLab CI
variables:
TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY: "1x00000000000000000000AA"
TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY: "1x0000000000000000000000000000000AA"
*/
export default {
TEST_SITEKEYS,
TEST_SECRET_KEYS,
DUMMY_TOKEN,
isTestEnvironment,
getTurnstileCredentials,
}
/**
* Turnstile Widget - Explicit Rendering
*
* Use explicit rendering when you need programmatic control over:
* - When the widget renders
* - Widget lifecycle (reset, remove)
* - Multiple widgets on the same page
* - Dynamic UI / Single Page Applications
*/
declare const turnstile: {
render: (container: string | HTMLElement, options: TurnstileOptions) => string
reset: (widgetId: string) => void
remove: (widgetId: string) => void
execute: (widgetId: string) => void
getResponse: (widgetId: string) => string | undefined
isExpired: (widgetId: string) => boolean
}
interface TurnstileOptions {
sitekey: string
callback?: (token: string) => void
'error-callback'?: (error: string) => void
'expired-callback'?: () => void
'timeout-callback'?: () => void
theme?: 'light' | 'dark' | 'auto'
size?: 'normal' | 'flexible' | 'compact'
execution?: 'render' | 'execute'
appearance?: 'always' | 'execute' | 'interaction-only'
retry?: 'auto' | 'never'
'retry-interval'?: number
action?: string
cdata?: string
}
/**
* TurnstileManager - Lifecycle management wrapper
*/
export class TurnstileManager {
private widgetId: string | null = null
private sitekey: string
constructor(sitekey: string) {
this.sitekey = sitekey
}
/**
* Render the Turnstile widget
*/
render(
containerId: string,
callbacks: {
onSuccess: (token: string) => void
onError: (error: string) => void
onExpired?: () => void
},
options?: Partial<TurnstileOptions>
): string {
// Reset if already rendered
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
this.reset()
}
this.widgetId = turnstile.render(containerId, {
sitekey: this.sitekey,
callback: callbacks.onSuccess,
'error-callback': callbacks.onError,
'expired-callback': callbacks.onExpired || (() => this.reset()),
theme: options?.theme || 'auto',
size: options?.size || 'normal',
execution: options?.execution || 'render',
appearance: options?.appearance || 'always',
retry: options?.retry || 'auto',
action: options?.action,
cdata: options?.cdata,
})
return this.widgetId
}
/**
* Reset the widget (clears current state)
*/
reset(): void {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
turnstile.reset(this.widgetId)
}
}
/**
* Remove the widget completely
*/
remove(): void {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
turnstile.remove(this.widgetId)
this.widgetId = null
}
}
/**
* Manually trigger challenge (execution: 'execute' mode only)
*/
execute(): void {
if (this.widgetId !== null) {
turnstile.execute(this.widgetId)
}
}
/**
* Get current token
*/
getToken(): string | undefined {
if (this.widgetId === null) return undefined
return turnstile.getResponse(this.widgetId)
}
/**
* Check if token is expired
*/
isExpired(): boolean {
if (this.widgetId === null) return true
return turnstile.isExpired(this.widgetId)
}
}
/**
* Usage Example
*/
export function initializeTurnstile() {
const SITE_KEY = 'YOUR_SITE_KEY' // Replace with actual sitekey
const manager = new TurnstileManager(SITE_KEY)
// Render widget when DOM is ready
document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {
manager.render(
'#turnstile-container',
{
onSuccess: (token) => {
console.log('Turnstile success:', token)
// Enable submit button
const submitBtn = document.querySelector('#submit-btn') as HTMLButtonElement
if (submitBtn) submitBtn.disabled = false
},
onError: (error) => {
console.error('Turnstile error:', error)
// Show error message
const errorDiv = document.querySelector('#error-message')
if (errorDiv) {
errorDiv.textContent = 'Verification failed. Please try again.'
}
},
onExpired: () => {
console.warn('Turnstile token expired')
// Disable submit button
const submitBtn = document.querySelector('#submit-btn') as HTMLButtonElement
if (submitBtn) submitBtn.disabled = true
},
},
{
theme: 'auto',
size: 'normal',
action: 'login', // Optional: track action in analytics
}
)
})
// Example: Reset on form submission
const form = document.querySelector('#myForm') as HTMLFormElement
form?.addEventListener('submit', async (e) => {
e.preventDefault()
const token = manager.getToken()
if (!token || manager.isExpired()) {
alert('Please complete the verification')
return
}
// Submit form with token
const formData = new FormData(form)
formData.append('cf-turnstile-response', token)
try {
const response = await fetch('/api/submit', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
})
if (response.ok) {
alert('Success!')
form.reset()
manager.reset() // Reset Turnstile for next submission
} else {
alert('Submission failed')
}
} catch (error) {
console.error('Submission error:', error)
alert('Network error')
}
})
}
/**
* Advanced Example: Manual Execution Mode
*/
export function manualExecutionExample() {
const manager = new TurnstileManager('YOUR_SITE_KEY')
// Render in manual execution mode
manager.render(
'#turnstile-container',
{
onSuccess: (token) => {
console.log('Challenge complete:', token)
},
onError: (error) => {
console.error('Challenge failed:', error)
},
},
{
execution: 'execute', // Manual trigger
appearance: 'interaction-only', // Show only when needed
}
)
// Trigger challenge when user clicks submit
document.querySelector('#submit-btn')?.addEventListener('click', () => {
manager.execute()
})
}
/**
* Advanced Example: Multiple Widgets
*/
export function multipleWidgetsExample() {
const loginManager = new TurnstileManager('YOUR_SITE_KEY')
const signupManager = new TurnstileManager('YOUR_SITE_KEY')
// Login widget
loginManager.render(
'#login-turnstile',
{
onSuccess: (token) => console.log('Login token:', token),
onError: (error) => console.error('Login error:', error),
},
{
action: 'login',
}
)
// Signup widget
signupManager.render(
'#signup-turnstile',
{
onSuccess: (token) => console.log('Signup token:', token),
onError: (error) => console.error('Signup error:', error),
},
{
action: 'signup',
}
)
}
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Turnstile Example - Implicit Rendering</title>
<!-- CRITICAL: Load from Cloudflare CDN only - never proxy or cache -->
<script src="https://challenges.cloudflare.com/turnstile/v0/api.js" async defer></script>
<!-- Optional: CSP headers if needed -->
<meta http-equiv="Content-Security-Policy" content="
script-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
frame-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
connect-src 'self' https://challenges.cloudflare.com;
">
<style>
body {
font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif;
max-width: 600px;
margin: 40px auto;
padding: 20px;
}
.form-group {
margin-bottom: 20px;
}
label {
display: block;
margin-bottom: 5px;
font-weight: 500;
}
input, textarea {
width: 100%;
padding: 8px;
border: 1px solid #ddd;
border-radius: 4px;
}
button {
background: #0070f3;
color: white;
border: none;
padding: 10px 20px;
border-radius: 4px;
cursor: pointer;
font-size: 16px;
}
button:hover {
background: #0051cc;
}
button:disabled {
background: #ccc;
cursor: not-allowed;
}
.error {
color: red;
margin-top: 10px;
}
.success {
color: green;
margin-top: 10px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Contact Form with Turnstile</h1>
<form id="contactForm" action="/api/contact" method="POST">
<div class="form-group">
<label for="name">Name</label>
<input type="text" id="name" name="name" required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="email">Email</label>
<input type="email" id="email" name="email" required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<label for="message">Message</label>
<textarea id="message" name="message" rows="5" required></textarea>
</div>
<!-- Turnstile Widget - Implicit Rendering -->
<div class="cf-turnstile"
data-sitekey="YOUR_SITE_KEY"
data-callback="onTurnstileSuccess"
data-error-callback="onTurnstileError"
data-expired-callback="onTurnstileExpired"
data-theme="auto"
data-size="normal"></div>
<button type="submit" id="submitButton">Submit</button>
<div id="message"></div>
</form>
<script>
let turnstileToken = null;
function onTurnstileSuccess(token) {
console.log('Turnstile success:', token);
turnstileToken = token;
document.getElementById('submitButton').disabled = false;
}
function onTurnstileError(error) {
console.error('Turnstile error:', error);
showMessage('Verification failed. Please try again.', 'error');
document.getElementById('submitButton').disabled = true;
}
function onTurnstileExpired() {
console.warn('Turnstile token expired');
turnstileToken = null;
document.getElementById('submitButton').disabled = true;
showMessage('Verification expired. Please try again.', 'error');
}
function showMessage(text, type) {
const messageDiv = document.getElementById('message');
messageDiv.textContent = text;
messageDiv.className = type;
}
// Handle form submission
document.getElementById('contactForm').addEventListener('submit', async (e) => {
e.preventDefault();
if (!turnstileToken) {
showMessage('Please complete the verification.', 'error');
return;
}
const formData = new FormData(e.target);
// Token is automatically added as 'cf-turnstile-response' by Turnstile
try {
const response = await fetch('/api/contact', {
method: 'POST',
body: formData,
});
if (response.ok) {
showMessage('Message sent successfully!', 'success');
e.target.reset();
turnstileToken = null;
// Reset Turnstile widget
turnstile.reset();
} else {
const error = await response.text();
showMessage(`Error: ${error}`, 'error');
}
} catch (error) {
showMessage(`Network error: ${error.message}`, 'error');
}
});
// Disable submit button initially
document.getElementById('submitButton').disabled = true;
</script>
</body>
</html>
{
"name": "my-turnstile-app",
"main": "src/index.ts",
"compatibility_date": "2025-10-22",
// Public sitekey - safe to commit to version control
// Use dummy keys for development, real keys for production
"vars": {
"TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY": "1x00000000000000000000AA" // Test key - always passes
// Production: Replace with your real sitekey from https://dash.cloudflare.com/?to=/:account/turnstile
},
// Secret key - NEVER commit to version control
// Set using: wrangler secret put TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY
"secrets": ["TURNSTILE_SECRET_KEY"],
// Optional: Environment-specific configuration
"env": {
"production": {
"vars": {
"TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY": "<YOUR_PRODUCTION_SITE_KEY>"
}
},
"staging": {
"vars": {
"TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY": "<YOUR_STAGING_SITE_KEY>"
}
},
"development": {
"vars": {
// Use test sitekey for development (always passes)
"TURNSTILE_SITE_KEY": "1x00000000000000000000AA"
}
}
}
}