Netlify Deploy

Netlify Deployment Skill

Deploy web projects to Netlify using the Netlify CLI with intelligent detection of project configuration and deployment context.

Overview

This skill automates Netlify deployments by:

• Verifying Netlify CLI authentication
• Detecting project configuration and framework
• Linking to existing sites or creating new ones
• Deploying to production or preview environments

Prerequisites

• Netlify CLI: Installed via npx (no global install required)
• Authentication: Netlify account with active login session
• Project: Valid web project in current directory
• When sandboxing blocks the deployment network calls, rerun with sandbox_permissions=require_escalated.
• The deployment might take a few minutes. Use appropriate timeout values.

Authentication Pattern

The skill uses the pre-authenticated Netlify CLI approach:

1. Check authentication status with npx netlify status 2. If not authenticated, guide user through npx netlify login 3. Fail gracefully if authentication cannot be established

Authentication uses either:

• Browser-based OAuth (primary): netlify login opens browser for authentication
• API Key (alternative): Set NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN environment variable

Workflow

1. Verify Netlify CLI Authentication

Check if the user is logged into Netlify:

npx netlify status

Expected output patterns:

• ✅ Authenticated: Shows logged-in user email and site link status
• ❌ Not authenticated: "Not logged into any site" or authentication error

If not authenticated, guide the user:

npx netlify login

This opens a browser window for OAuth authentication. Wait for user to complete login, then verify with netlify status again.

Alternative: API Key authentication

If browser authentication isn't available, users can set:

export NETLIFY_AUTH_TOKEN=your_token_here

Tokens can be generated at: https://app.netlify.com/user/applications#personal-access-tokens

2. Detect Site Link Status

From netlify status output, determine:

• Linked: Site already connected to Netlify (shows site name/URL)
• Not linked: Need to link or create site

3. Link to Existing Site or Create New

If already linked → Skip to step 4

If not linked, attempt to link by Git remote:

# Check if project is Git-based
git remote show origin

# If Git-based, extract remote URL
# Format: https://github.com/username/repo or git@github.com:username/repo.git

# Try to link by Git remote
npx netlify link --git-remote-url <REMOTE_URL>

If link fails (site doesn't exist on Netlify):

# Create new site interactively
npx netlify init

This guides user through:

1. Choosing team/account 2. Setting site name 3. Configuring build settings 4. Creating netlify.toml if needed

4. Verify Dependencies

Before deploying, ensure project dependencies are installed:

# For npm projects
npm install

# For other package managers, detect and use appropriate command
# yarn install, pnpm install, etc.

5. Deploy to Netlify

Choose deployment type based on context:

Preview/Draft Deploy (default for existing sites):

npx netlify deploy

This creates a deploy preview with a unique URL for testing.

Production Deploy (for new sites or explicit production deployments):

npx netlify deploy --prod

This deploys to the live production URL.

Deployment process:

1. CLI detects build settings (from netlify.toml or prompts user) 2. Builds the project locally 3. Uploads built assets to Netlify 4. Returns deployment URL

6. Report Results

After deployment, report to user:

• Deploy URL: Unique URL for this deployment
• Site URL: Production URL (if production deploy)
• Deploy logs: Link to Netlify dashboard for logs
• Next steps: Suggest netlify open to view site or dashboard

Handling netlify.toml

If a netlify.toml file exists, the CLI uses it automatically. If not, the CLI will prompt for:

• Build command: e.g., npm run build, next build
• Publish directory: e.g., dist, build, .next

Common framework defaults:

• Next.js: build command npm run build, publish .next
• React (Vite): build command npm run build, publish dist
• Static HTML: no build command, publish current directory

The skill should detect framework from package.json if possible and suggest appropriate settings.

Example Full Workflow

# 1. Check authentication
npx netlify status

# If not authenticated:
npx netlify login

# 2. Link site (if needed)
# Try Git-based linking first
git remote show origin
npx netlify link --git-remote-url https://github.com/user/repo

# If no site exists, create new one:
npx netlify init

# 3. Install dependencies
npm install

# 4. Deploy (preview for testing)
npx netlify deploy

# 5. Deploy to production (when ready)
npx netlify deploy --prod

Error Handling

Common issues and solutions:

"Not logged in" → Run npx netlify login

"No site linked" → Run npx netlify link or npx netlify init

"Build failed" → Check build command and publish directory in netlify.toml or CLI prompts → Verify dependencies are installed → Review build logs for specific errors

"Publish directory not found" → Verify build command ran successfully → Check publish directory path is correct

Troubleshooting

Escalated Network Access

If deployment fails due to network issues (timeouts, DNS errors, connection resets), rerun the deploy with escalated permissions (use sandbox_permissions=require_escalated). The deploy requires escalated network access when sandbox networking blocks outbound requests.

Example guidance to the user:

The deploy needs escalated network access to deploy to Netlify. I can rerun the command with escalated permissions—want me to proceed?

Environment Variables

For secrets and configuration:

1. Never commit secrets to Git 2. Set in Netlify dashboard: Site Settings → Environment Variables 3. Access in builds via process.env.VARIABLE_NAME

Tips

• Use netlify deploy (no --prod) first to test before production
• Run netlify open to view site in Netlify dashboard
• Run netlify logs to view function logs (if using Netlify Functions)
• Use netlify dev for local development with Netlify Functions

Reference

• Netlify CLI Docs: https://docs.netlify.com/cli/get-started/
• netlify.toml Reference: https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/file-based-configuration/

Bundled References (Load As Needed)

• CLI commands
• Deployment patterns
• netlify.toml guide

Netlify CLI Commands Reference

Quick reference for common Netlify CLI commands used in deployments.

Authentication

# Login via browser OAuth
npx netlify login

# Check authentication status and site link
npx netlify status

# Logout
npx netlify logout

Site Management

# Link current directory to existing site
npx netlify link

# Link by Git remote URL
npx netlify link --git-remote-url <url>

# Create and link new site
npx netlify init

# Unlink from current site
npx netlify unlink

# Open site in Netlify dashboard
npx netlify open

# Open site admin panel
npx netlify open:admin

# Open site in browser
npx netlify open:site

Deployment

# Deploy preview/draft (safe for testing)
npx netlify deploy

# Deploy to production
npx netlify deploy --prod

# Deploy with specific directory
npx netlify deploy --dir=dist

# Deploy with message
npx netlify deploy --message="Deploy message"

# List all deploys
npx netlify deploy:list

Development

# Run local dev server with Netlify features
npx netlify dev

# Run local dev server on specific port
npx netlify dev --port 3000

Site Information

# Get site info
npx netlify sites:list

# Get current site info
npx netlify api getSite --data '{"site_id": "YOUR_SITE_ID"}'

Environment Variables

# List environment variables
npx netlify env:list

# Set environment variable
npx netlify env:set KEY value

# Get environment variable value
npx netlify env:get KEY

# Import env vars from file
npx netlify env:import .env

Build

# Show build settings
npx netlify build --dry

# Run build locally
npx netlify build

Functions (Serverless)

# List functions
npx netlify functions:list

# Invoke function locally
npx netlify functions:invoke FUNCTION_NAME

# Create new function
npx netlify functions:create FUNCTION_NAME

Logs

# Stream function logs
npx netlify logs

# View logs for specific function
npx netlify logs:function FUNCTION_NAME

Troubleshooting Commands

# Check CLI version
npx netlify --version

# Get help for any command
npx netlify help [command]

# Check status with verbose output
npx netlify status --verbose

Exit Codes

• 0 - Success
• 1 - General error
• 2 - Authentication error
• 3 - Site not found
• 4 - Build failed

Common Flags

• --json - Output as JSON
• --silent - Suppress output
• --debug - Show debug information
• --force - Skip confirmation prompts

Resources

• Full CLI documentation: https://docs.netlify.com/cli/get-started/
• CLI GitHub repository: https://github.com/netlify/cli

Netlify Deployment Patterns

Common deployment scenarios and best practices for the Netlify skill.

Deployment Decision Tree

Is user authenticated?
├─ No → Run `netlify login`
└─ Yes → Is site linked?
    ├─ No → Is it a Git repo?
    │   ├─ Yes → Try `netlify link --git-remote-url`
    │   │   ├─ Success → Continue to deploy
    │   │   └─ Fail → Run `netlify init`
    │   └─ No → Run `netlify init`
    └─ Yes → Is this first deploy or existing site?
        ├─ First deploy/new site → `netlify deploy --prod`
        └─ Existing site → `netlify deploy` (preview)

Scenario 1: First-Time Deployment (New Project)

Context: User has a project that has never been deployed to Netlify.

Steps:

1. Check authentication: npx netlify status 2. If not authenticated: npx netlify login 3. Initialize new site: npx netlify init

• This guides user through setup
• Creates netlify.toml if needed

4. Install dependencies: npm install 5. Deploy to production: npx netlify deploy --prod

Example:

npx netlify status
# Not linked to a site

npx netlify login
# Opens browser for authentication

npx netlify init
# Walks through site creation

npm install
npx netlify deploy --prod

Scenario 2: Linking Existing Git Repository to Existing Site

Context: User has a site already on Netlify and wants to link their local repo.

Steps:

1. Check authentication: npx netlify status 2. Get Git remote: git remote show origin 3. Extract URL (e.g., https://github.com/user/repo.git) 4. Link by remote: npx netlify link --git-remote-url <URL> 5. If found, linked. If not, run netlify init

Example:

git remote show origin
# * remote origin
#   Fetch URL: https://github.com/user/my-app.git

npx netlify link --git-remote-url https://github.com/user/my-app.git
# Site linked successfully

Scenario 3: Preview Deployment (Testing Changes)

Context: User wants to test changes before pushing to production.

Steps:

1. Ensure site is linked: npx netlify status 2. Make code changes 3. Deploy preview: npx netlify deploy 4. Review preview URL 5. If approved, deploy to prod: npx netlify deploy --prod

Example:

# Make changes to code

npx netlify deploy
# Draft deploy URL: https://507f1f77bcf86cd799439011-my-app.netlify.app

# Test the preview, then:
npx netlify deploy --prod

Scenario 4: Framework-Specific Deployments

Next.js

# Next.js typically uses .next as output
npx netlify deploy --prod

# netlify.toml should have:
# [build]
#   command = "npm run build"
#   publish = ".next"

React (Vite)

# Vite outputs to dist by default
npm run build
npx netlify deploy --dir=dist --prod

# netlify.toml:
# [build]
#   command = "npm run build"
#   publish = "dist"

Static HTML

# No build step needed
npx netlify deploy --dir=. --prod

Scenario 5: Monorepo Deployment

Context: Project is in a subdirectory of a monorepo.

Steps:

1. Navigate to project subdirectory: cd packages/frontend 2. Or set base in netlify.toml:

   [build]
     base = "packages/frontend"
     command = "npm run build"
     publish = "dist"

3. Deploy normally: npx netlify deploy --prod

Scenario 6: Environment Variables

Context: Project needs secrets or environment-specific config.

Steps:

1. Never commit secrets to Git 2. Set in Netlify dashboard or CLI:

   npx netlify env:set API_KEY "secret_value"
   npx netlify env:set NODE_ENV "production"

3. Access in code: process.env.API_KEY 4. Deploy: npx netlify deploy --prod

Scenario 7: Custom Domain Setup

Context: User wants to use a custom domain.

Steps:

1. Deploy site first: npx netlify deploy --prod 2. Add domain via dashboard or CLI:

   npx netlify open:admin
   # Navigate to Domain settings

3. Update DNS records as instructed by Netlify 4. Wait for DNS propagation (can take up to 48 hours)

Best Practices

1. Always Preview First

# Deploy preview
npx netlify deploy

# Test thoroughly
# Then deploy to production
npx netlify deploy --prod

2. Use netlify.toml for Consistency

Create a netlify.toml file in your repo root:

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

[[redirects]]
  from = "/*"
  to = "/index.html"
  status = 200

This ensures consistent builds across all deployments.

3. Framework Detection

Let Netlify auto-detect when possible. Only specify build settings if:

• Netlify can't detect your framework
• You need custom build commands
• Your project has a non-standard structure

4. Dependency Installation

Always ensure dependencies are installed before deploying:

npm install  # or yarn install, pnpm install
npx netlify deploy

5. Build Locally First

Test builds locally before deploying:

npm run build
# Check that build output exists

npx netlify deploy --dir=dist

6. Use Deploy Messages

Add context to deployments:

npx netlify deploy --prod --message="Fix login bug"

Error Recovery Patterns

"Publish directory not found"

Cause: Build command didn't create expected output directory.

Fix:

1. Run build locally: npm run build 2. Check output directory name 3. Update netlify.toml or CLI prompts with correct path

"Command failed with exit code 1"

Cause: Build command failed.

Fix:

1. Check build logs for specific error 2. Run build locally to reproduce: npm run build 3. Fix the build error 4. Deploy again

"Not logged in"

Cause: Authentication token expired or missing.

Fix:

npx netlify logout
npx netlify login

"No site linked"

Cause: Project not connected to a Netlify site.

Fix:

# Try linking to existing site
npx netlify link

# Or create new site
npx netlify init

Performance Tips

1. Enable processing in netlify.toml for auto-optimization:

   [build.processing.css]
     bundle = true
     minify = true

2. Use caching headers for static assets:

   [[headers]]
     for = "/assets/*"
     [headers.values]
       Cache-Control = "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"

3. Optimize images before deploying or use Netlify Image CDN

4. Use Netlify Functions for serverless backend (avoid external API calls when possible)

Resources

• Netlify CLI Documentation: https://docs.netlify.com/cli/get-started/
• Framework Integration Guides: https://docs.netlify.com/frameworks/
• Build Configuration: https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/

netlify.toml Configuration Reference

Configuration file for Netlify builds and deployments.

Basic Structure

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

Build Settings

Common Configuration

[build]
  # Command to build your site
  command = "npm run build"

  # Directory to publish (relative to repo root)
  publish = "dist"

  # Functions directory
  functions = "netlify/functions"

  # Base directory (if not repo root)
  base = "packages/frontend"

  # Ignore builds for specific conditions
  ignore = "git diff --quiet HEAD^ HEAD package.json"

Environment Variables

[build.environment]
  NODE_VERSION = "18"
  NPM_FLAGS = "--prefix=/dev/null"

[context.production.environment]
  NODE_ENV = "production"

Framework Detection

Netlify auto-detects frameworks, but you can override:

Next.js

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = ".next"

React (Vite)

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

Vue

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

Astro

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

SvelteKit

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "build"

Redirects and Rewrites

[[redirects]]
  from = "/old-path"
  to = "/new-path"
  status = 301

[[redirects]]
  from = "/api/*"
  to = "https://api.example.com/:splat"
  status = 200

# SPA fallback (for client-side routing)
[[redirects]]
  from = "/*"
  to = "/index.html"
  status = 200

Headers

[[headers]]
  for = "/*"
  [headers.values]
    X-Frame-Options = "DENY"
    X-XSS-Protection = "1; mode=block"
    Content-Security-Policy = "default-src 'self'"

[[headers]]
  for = "/assets/*"
  [headers.values]
    Cache-Control = "public, max-age=31536000, immutable"

Context-Specific Configuration

Deploy different settings per context:

# Production
[context.production]
  command = "npm run build:prod"
  [context.production.environment]
    NODE_ENV = "production"

# Deploy previews
[context.deploy-preview]
  command = "npm run build:preview"

# Branch deploys
[context.branch-deploy]
  command = "npm run build:staging"

# Specific branch
[context.staging]
  command = "npm run build:staging"

Functions Configuration

[functions]
  directory = "netlify/functions"
  node_bundler = "esbuild"

[[functions]]
  path = "/api/*"
  function = "api"

Build Plugins

[[plugins]]
  package = "@netlify/plugin-lighthouse"

  [plugins.inputs]
    output_path = "reports/lighthouse.html"

[[plugins]]
  package = "netlify-plugin-submit-sitemap"

  [plugins.inputs]
    baseUrl = "https://example.com"
    sitemapPath = "/sitemap.xml"

Edge Functions

[[edge_functions]]
  function = "geolocation"
  path = "/api/location"

Processing

[build.processing]
  skip_processing = false

[build.processing.css]
  bundle = true
  minify = true

[build.processing.js]
  bundle = true
  minify = true

[build.processing.html]
  pretty_urls = true

[build.processing.images]
  compress = true

Common Patterns

Single Page Application (SPA)

[build]
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

[[redirects]]
  from = "/*"
  to = "/index.html"
  status = 200

Monorepo with Base Directory

[build]
  base = "packages/web"
  command = "npm run build"
  publish = "dist"

Multiple Redirects with Country-Based Routing

[[redirects]]
  from = "/"
  to = "/uk"
  status = 302
  conditions = {Country = ["GB"]}

[[redirects]]
  from = "/"
  to = "/us"
  status = 302
  conditions = {Country = ["US"]}

Validation

Validate your netlify.toml:

npx netlify build --dry

Resources

• Full configuration reference: https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/file-based-configuration/
• Framework-specific guides: https://docs.netlify.com/frameworks/